manna

blessed

manna adj. "blessed" (also mána, q.v.) (VT43:30, VT45:32, VT49:41)

manna

interrogative. whither

manna

adjective. *blessed

Changes

• manna → aistana “*blessed” ✧ VT43/30

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/30
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/30

mána

blessed

mána 1) adj. "blessed" (FS); also manna, q.v. 2) noun "any good thing or fortunate thing; a boon or blessing, a grace, being esp. used of some thing/person/event that helps or amends an evil or difficulty. (Cf. frequent ejaculation on receiving aid in trouble: yé mána (ma) = what a blessing, what a good thing!)" (VT49:41)

amanya

blessed

amanya adj. "blessed" (VT49:39, 41)

amanya

adjective. *blessed

Derivations

• √MAN “good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”

Element in

• Q. nai amanya onnalya ter coivierya “*may your (sg.) child be blessed throughout his/her life” ✧ VT49/41

aman

blessed, free from evil

aman adj. "blessed, free from evil". Adopted and adapted from Valarin (WJ:399), though in other versions Tolkien cited an Elvish etymology (cf. VT49:26-27). Place-name Aman the Blessed Realm, from the stem mān- "good, blessed, unmarred" (SA:mān), translated "Unmarred State" (VT49:26). Allative Amanna (VT49:26). Adj. amanya "of Aman, Amanian" (WJ:411), nominal pl. Amanyar "those of Aman", Elves dwelling there (with negations Úamanyar, Alamanyar "those not of Aman"). Also fuller Amaneldi noun "Aman-elves" (WJ:373).Masc. name Amandil *"Aman-friend" (Appendix A, SA:mān), the father of Elendil; also name of the Númenorean king Tar-Amandil (UT:210).

manaitë

blessed

manaitë adj. "blessed" (VT49:41, 42)

manu

departed spirit

manu noun "departed spirit" (MAN)

matta

noun. food

matta

noun. food

A noun for “food” from the Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) of the early 1950s, derived from primitive ✶matnā, originally an ancient adjective meaning “eaten” (PE22/136).

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s the word for “food” was ᴱQ. matl under the early root ᴱ√MATA (QL/59). This became ᴱQ. {masta} >> matso in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/141). In EVS2 the word was originally manna “food”, but this was struck through and replaced by matta (PE22/136 note #36), which likely reflects Tolkien’s shift in the phonetic developments of primitive tn, so that tn became tt rather than nn as it did in Tolkien’s earlier writings (PE19/85 and note #79).

Neo-Quenya: I find the phonetic developments associated with the above sound change to be problematic for various reasons. Therefore, I prefer to assume the primitive form of this word was an ancient noun: ✱mattā.

Changes

• manna → matta ✧ PE22/136

Cognates

• ᴺS. math “food”
• ᴺS. mann “food”

Derivations

• ✶matnā “eaten, eaten, [ᴹ✶] food” ✧ PE22/136

Element in

• ᴺQ. celvamatta “animal food”
• ᴺQ. laimamatta “vegetable food, (lit.) plant food”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶matnā > matta	[matnā] > [mattā] > [matta]	✧ PE22/136

Variations

• manna ✧ PE22/136 (manna)

ma

adverb. interrogative particle

Derivations

• √MA “interrogative base, interrogative base; [ᴱ√] root of indef[inite]”

Element in

• Q. ma caruvalwë ohta “shall we make war” ✧ PE22/161
• ᴺQ. malumë “when”
• Q. man “who, who; [ᴹQ.] what” ✧ PE17/068
• Q. mana “what, what; [ᴹQ.] who”
• Q. manen “how”
• ᴺQ. manotë “how many, (lit.) what number”
• ᴺQ. mava “whose”
• Q. ma Varda enquantuva i yulma nin sí “will Varda now refill the cup for me?” ✧ PE22/161
• ᴺQ. malumë “sometimes, at times”
• ᴺQ. quima “whether”
• Q. roccor i Erulingaron márë nár (ma naitë)? “the horses of the Rohirrim are good (are they not, lit. is it true)” ✧ PE22/166

Variations

• ma- ✧ PE17/068
• ma ✧ PE22/160; PE22/161; PE22/166; PM/357
• Ma ✧ PE22/161

manquë

blessed

manquë, manquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10-11; it cannot be ruled out that manquë spelt manque in the source is simply an uncompleted form of manquenta. Whatever the case, Tolkien decided to use the form manaquenta instead, q.v.)

manaquenta

blessed

manaquenta adj. "blessed" (VT44:10; see manquë, manquenta)

manaquenta

adjective. *blessed

Changes

• manquenta → manaquenta ✧ VT44/10

Element in

• Q. alcarin Vendë ar manaquenta “O glorious and blessed Virgin” ✧ VT44/10; VT44/10 (á Véne’ alcare ar manquenta)

Elements

Word	Gloss
MAN	“good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil, good (morally), blessed, holy, unmarred, free from evil; [ᴹ√] holy spirit”
KWET	“say, speak, utter words”

Variations

• manquenta ✧ VT44/10 (manquenta)

aistana

adjective. *blessed

Element in

• Q. aistana elyë imíca nísi “blessed art thou amongst women” ✧ VT43/28; VT43/30
• Q. ar aistana i yávë mónalyo Yésus “and blessed is the fruit of thy womb Jesus” ✧ VT43/31

Elements

Word	Gloss
aista	“*holy”

almárëa

blessed

almárëa adj. "blessed". In a deleted entry in Etym, the gloss provided was "bless", but this would seem to be a mistake, since the word does not look like a verb. Another deleted entry agrees with the retained entry GALA that almárëa means "blessed" (GALA, VT45:5, 14)

mai-

verb. to have, possess

Derivations

• √MAG “good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state, good (physically); to thrive, be in a good state; [ᴹ√] use, handle” ✧ PE22/148

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√MAGA > mai	[magi] > [maɣi] > [mai]	✧ PE22/148

matl

food

matl noun "food"; read *matil in LotR-style Quenya (in which language final syllabic -l becomes -il) (QL:59); however, the word matso from a later source may be preferred.

lára

blessed

[lára (3) adj. "blessed", also lárëa (VT45:26)]

matso

food

matso noun "food" (PE16:141)

ainima

blessed, holy (of things)

ainima adj. "blessed, holy (of things)" (PE17:149)

harya-

verb. to have, to have, [ᴹQ.] possess

Derivations

• ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold”

Element in

• ᴺQ. harno “possessor”
• Q. merin sa haryalyë alassë nó vanyalyë Ambarello “I hope that you have happiness before you pass from the world” ✧ MS/01

sam-

verb. to have

Derivations

• √SAM “to have, have; [ᴹ√] unite, join” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• ᴺQ. osáma “common, joint, (lit.) together-having”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAM > samin	[sam-]	✧ PE17/173

sav-

verb. to have

Derivations

• √SAM “to have, have; [ᴹ√] unite, join” ✧ PE17/173

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAM > sevin	[samini] > [semini] > [semin] > [sevin]	✧ PE17/173
√SAM > ahawv > aw	[asāme] > [asǭme] > [ahǭme] > [ahaume] > [ahaum] > [aum] > [auv] > [au]	✧ PE17/173

sevin

8r$5% verb. I have

v. aor. & pron. suff. I have. Q. samin. >> -n

mann

food

mann (i vann, construct man), pl. main (i main) (VT45:35).

mann

noun. food

Cognates

• Q. matta “food”

Derivations

• ✶matnā “eaten, eaten, [ᴹ✶] food”

mann

food

(i vann, construct man), pl. main (i main) (VT45:35).

mân

departed spirit

mân (i vân, construct man), pl. main (i main)

math

noun. food

Cognates

• Q. matta “food”

Derivations

• √MAT “eat”

salph

liquid food

(i halph, o salph) (soup, broth), pl. seilph (if the word goes like alph ”swan”), with article i seilph.

sam

root. to have, have; [ᴹ√] unite, join

The root ᴹ√SAM “unite, join” was a later addition to The Etymologies of the 1930s with the derivative ᴹQ. samnar “diphthongs” (Ety/SAM). There is also evidence for it in the word ᴹQ. sampane “combination” as in ᴹQ. Lámasampane “Combination of Sounds”, a term used in the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/40), and again in the second version (TQ2) from around 1950 (PE18/90). In an isolated note from the late 1930s, Tolkien gave ᴹ√kam “bind, join” as a replacement for √sam along with a new word ᴹQ. okamna “diphthong” (VT44/13), but given the reappearance of Q. sampanë in TQ2 this may have been a transient idea, and in any case Tolkien used the word Q. ohlon for “diphthong” in the 1950s and 60s (VT39/9; VT48/29).

In notes grouped with Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, Tolkien gave √SAM as the basis for Elvish verbs for “to have”, with Q. samin and S. sevin “✱I have” (PE17/173). Whether this was connected to 1930s ᴹ√SAM “unite, join” is unclear. In notes associated with the 1959-60 essay Ósanwe-kenta, Tolkien gave the root √SAM with the gloss “mind, think, reflect, be aware” (VT41/5), but in later writings he used √SAN for “think, use mind” instead (PE22/158); see that entry for discussion.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d use √SAM = “have”.

Derivatives

• Q. sam- “to have” ✧ PE17/173
• S. sav- “to have” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• ᴺQ. sampan- “to combine”
• Q. sampanë “combination”

Variations

• SAM ✧ PE17/173; PE17/183

mann

noun. food

The earliest word for “food” in precursors to the Sindarin language was G. môs “food (of men)” (GL/56, 58), probably based on the early root ᴱ√M(B)ASA “cook, bake” (QL/59). This became ᴱN. math “food” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, appearing only in its lenited form vath as an element in ᴱN. orvath “foodless” (PE13/155). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien had N. mann “food” as a derivative of primitive ᴹ✶matna under the root ᴹ√MAT “eat”, but the version of the entry where this form appeared was struck out (EtyAC/MAT). The primitive form ✶matnā “food” did reappear in the early 1950s, however (PE22/136).

Neo-Sindarin: Of the above, I prefer ᴺS. math for “food”. I first saw math proposed as the Neo-Sindarin word for “food” in a list of neologisms by Elaran on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) from 2018. I prefer math because I tend to assume Q. matta is derived from ✱mattā rather than ✶matnā to avoid certain phonological difficulties; see that entry for discussion. If you are not concerned with those difficulties, ᴺS. mann “food” is also viable.

Derivations

• ᴹ✶matna “food” ✧ EtyAC/MAT
  • ᴹ√MAT “eat” ✧ EtyAC/MAT

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶matna > mann	[matna] > [madna] > [manna] > [mann]	✧ EtyAC/MAT

mân

noun. departed spirit

Cognates

• ᴹQ. manu “departed spirit” ✧ Ety/MAN; EtyAC/MAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√MAN “holy spirit” ✧ Ety/MAN
• ᴹ✶manō “departed spirit” ✧ EtyAC/MAN
  • ᴹ√MAN “holy spirit” ✧ EtyAC/MAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MAN > mân	[manū] > [manu] > [mānu] > [mān]	✧ Ety/MAN
ᴹ✶manō > mân	[manō] > [mano] > [man] > [mān]	✧ EtyAC/MAN

Variations

• mān ✧ EtyAC/MAN

aes

noun. cooked food, meat