Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
man
pronoun. what
mana nér
what man
mane tano
who is that man
manas(se)
adverb. manas(se)
manárea
adjective. how old, how long lasting, (lit.) lasting or living how many days
mandos
noun. doomsman, judge
mana nís
what woman
mane tare
who is that woman
man(an)
adverb. when
The correlatives manan or man “when” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/109), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -n(an) “time”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would stick to ᴹQ. mallume, since I think -n(an) was abandoned.
man(de)
adverb. how (to what degree, extent), how great, how far
The correlatives ᴹQ. man or mande “how (to what degree, extent)” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -n(de) “degree”.
manar(yas)
adverb. on what day
The correlatives ᴹQ. manar and manaryas “on what day” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/109), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -ar(yas) “day”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. manaurë using Q. aurë for “day”.
manima
adjective. of what kind, of what sort, what kind of
The correlative ᴹQ. manima “of what kind, what kind of” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/107), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -ima “way, manner”. It also appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124).
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. manaitë “of what kind, of what sort, what kind of” using the later suffix Q. -itë. Compare Q. taitë “of that sort”.
manka-
verb. to trade
A verb given as ᴹQ. {mahta- >> māka- >>} manka- “trade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH).
mankale
noun. commerce, commerce, *trade [as an activity]
manar
noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune; final bliss
manu
noun. departed spirit
manwe
masculine name. on Taniqetil
ma
adverb. interrogative particle
man-ie, atto?
what is it, father?
mana
pronoun. who, what, which
mane
pronoun. who
man táre antáva nin ilúvatar, ilúvatar?
what will the Father, O Father, give me
man umma eldar
are there any Elves (do such folk exist)?
mandos
masculine name. (Dread) Imprisoner
mana le·qente
what did you say?
manandon
adverb. after what fashion, like what
manar i·ennor/lie i me·kenner
who (are or were) the persons/people that we saw?
mana só
*what of that (would ask for a fresh opinion rather than a choice among those already expressed)
mana tana márion
which of those houses
manda
noun. prison, *duress
mandu
noun. lord
manna
adverb. whither
A correlatives meaning “whither” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/112), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and the allative suffix ᴹQ. -nna. It also appeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124).
manna lé sinar?
whither (are) you (going) this morning?
mannomen
adverb. *to what place
manome(s)
adverb. in what place
A correlatives appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. nome “place”.
manomello
adverb. *from what place
mana (már) tanion
which of those houses
manalka
adjective. how much or how great
mande
noun. doom, final end, fate, fortune; final bliss
mane hion
which (of them)
mane meon
which of us
mane sanion
*which of them (previously referred to)
manikka
how small
A correlative appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -(n)ikka “small”.
manima i lie?
(and) of what sort are the people?
manwe háma taniqetildesse
on Taniqetil M. has his hall
manárea túro?
how old is Túro?
mána
adjective. blessed
hrímani
noun. many, very many, a great number
morimando
masculine name. Dark Mando
le·qente mana?
what did you say?
veo
noun. man
atan
noun. Man
fire
noun. mortal man
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “mortal man” derived from the root ᴹ√PHIR (Ety/PHIR).
hanu
noun. male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “a male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male” (Ety/ƷAN). The first version of this entry gave it the gloss “male (of all creatures)” (EtyAC/ƷAN).
Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s this word appeared as ᴱQ. anu “a male” (QL/31), also appearing in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa with the gloss “man” (PME/31).
In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√NŌ/ONO “beget” (vs. ᴹ√RÉ “bear, produce”), including ᴹQ. noa, nóna, or ᴹQ. noito “male (of any kind)” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and elsewhere √NŌ is not specifically masculine.
nér
noun. man, adult male (of any kindred: elf, human or dwarf)
wé
noun. man, warrior
neríte
adjective. manly
An adjective for “manly” based on √NER “man” in notes written in the late 1940s (PE23/87).
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. nerevoite “manly”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. ner “man” (QL/65). This word reappeared in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s with the gloss male and a variant form neríte (PE16/135). The form neríte reappeared as an adjectival form of nēr in a set of Qenya Declensions from the 1920s (PE13/113). The 1940s notes mentioned above also had ᴹQ. yonda “manly, masculine” < √YON, but this was deleted and presumably replaced by neríte (PE23/87 note #82).
hrimi
pronoun. many, very many, a great number, a great many (with genitive)
A (plural) pronominal form of ᴹQ. hrim- appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/103). It had longer form ᴹQ. hrīmani with variants [hrīma]nor and [hrīma]ri, apparently plural masculine and feminine forms.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would adapt this to ᴺQ. rimi “(very) many” using rim- “many” to be more compatible with Tolkien’s later writings.
li(n)an
adverb. many a time, not seldom, several times, often, sometimes
A correlative combination appearing as lian or linan “many a time, not seldom, several times, often, sometimes” in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/110), a combination of ᴹQ. li(n)- “several, many” and ᴹQ. -n(an) “times”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would stick to ᴹQ. lillume, since I think -n(an) was abandoned.
vie
noun. manhood, vigour, manhood, vigour; [ᴱQ.] teors, *penis
A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “manhood, vigour” derived from primitive ᴹ✶weʒē under the root ᴹ√WEG “(manly) vigour” (Ety/WEG). Here the vowel development was egē > eʒē > eı̯e > ie; compare tie < ✶tegē (PE19/70).
Conceptual Development: The word ᴱQ. vie was glossed “teors” in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s (PE16/135, 143), and it also appeared with the same gloss in the Early Noldorin Dictionary from the same period (PE13/162). The word “teors” is Old English for “penis”. It is possible that it could still have this same meaning euphemistically in The Etymologies of the 1930s, in much the same way that “manhood” is a euphemism for “penis” in English.
yonda
adjective. manly, masculine
-lli(ni)
suffix. many, number(s)
hríma
adjective. many, very numerous (great in number or quantity)
li(n)-
prefix. many
linin-
prefix. many
(li)lin(n)ome
adverb. *many places
A correlative combination appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/112), a combination of ᴹQ. li(n)- “several, many” and ᴹQ. nome “place[s]”.
hrillume
adverb. *many times
The correlative ᴹQ. hrillume or hrímallume appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/110), a combination of ᴹQ. hrim- “many” and ᴹQ. -llume “times”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would adapt this to ᴺQ. rillumë “many times, frequently” using rim- “many” to be more compatible with Tolkien’s later writings.
hrimo(n)nome
adverb. *many places
The correlative ᴹQ. hrimo(n)nome appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/112), a combination of ᴹQ. hrim- “many” and ᴹQ. nome “place”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would adapt this to ᴺQ. rimonomë “many places” using rim- “many” to be more compatible with Tolkien’s later writings.
li(na)llume
adverb. *many a time, *many a time, often, sometimes
A correlative combination appearing as linallume or lillume in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/110), a combination of ᴹQ. li(n)- “several, many” and ᴹQ. -llume “times”.
mal(de)
adverb. how, in what manner
The correlative ᴹQ. mal or malde “how, in what manner” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -l(de) “way, manner”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. manallë “somehow, in some way” using the later suffix Q. -llë.
malli(ni)
how many
The correlatives ᴹQ. mallini or malli “how many” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -lli(ni) “many”.
karaste
noun. making, manufacture, construction
A noun appearing as ᴹQ. karaste “making, manufacture, construction” in the Quenya Verb Structure of the 1940s, a combination of kar- “do, make, build” with the general action verbal suffix -ste (PE22/110).
Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writing, this verbal suffix became -sta (PE22/137), so I would update this noun form to ᴺQ. carasta “making, manufacture, construction”, which aligns nicely with the later verb carasta- “to build”.
makar
noun. tradesman
A noun appearing as ᴹQ. makar “tradesman” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an agental formation based on the root ᴹ√MBAKH “exchange” (Ety/MBAKH). The initial element mak- may reflect an alternate (earlier?) form of the root ✱√MBAK; compare G. bag- and ᴱN. bag- “trade” from the 1910s and 20s (GL/21; PE13/138), and N. {bagor >>} bachor “pedlar” from The Etymologies itself (EtyAC/MBAKH).
Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. vaktelear “merchant” based on ᴱQ. vaktele “trade” under the early root ᴱ√VAKA (QL/99), the likely precursor to ᴹ√MBAKH.
Neo-Quenya: Since mak- cannot be a direct derivation of ᴹ√MBAKH, I would instead adapt this word as ᴺQ. mahar “tradesman, ✱trader, merchant”. Luinyelle and Vyacheslav Stepanov instead suggested ᴺQ. mancaro in a 2022-10-03 post to the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), based on the verb ᴹQ. manka- “trade”. I personally would also use ᴺQ. manco “tradesman” as an adaptation of ᴱQ. vanko.
karie
noun. making
ye
conjunction. and
yo
conjunction. and
yu
conjunction. and
vea
adjective. adult, manly, vigorous, adult; vigorous, manly
lilótime
adjective. *many-flowered
hrímallume
adverb. *many times
opele
noun. walled house or village, town, walled house, *manor; village, town, *hamlet
rimba
adjective. frequent, numerous, frequent, numerous, *many
malka
adjective. how great, how much
The correlatives ᴹQ. malka or manalka “how much or how great” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and ᴹQ. -lka “much”. The longer form manalka could be used to ask the age of children, but manárea is more common for that purpose (see that entry for discussion). The shorter form malka also appeared with the gloss “how great” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124).
masse
adverb. where
A correlatives meaning “where” appearing in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/111), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and the locative suffix ᴹQ. -sse. It also appeared in several places in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from this same period (PE22/124-126). In DRC, it had a longer variant manas(se) based on mana “what” (PE23/111).
númeheruvi arda sakkante lenéme ilúvatáren
the Lords of the West broke the world by leave of Ilúvatar
|1| 2 |3|4|5| |manwe|herunūmen|{herunūmen >>} Nūmekundo|númeheruvi| |ilu|{ilu >> eru >>}|arda| |terhante|{terhante >>} askante|sakkante| | |...|{... >>}|lenéme| | |Ilúvatáren|
-nie
suffix. female
A feminizing suffix for pronominal forms in Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s (PE23/102), so that for example mane “who (neutral)” could become manie “who (female)” and ane “someone” could become anie “someone (female)”. It is probably based on the contemporaneous feminine primitive suffix ✶-eye. The suffix -nie replaced a rejected variant -re (PE23/102 note #37).
-no
suffix. male
A masculinizing suffix for pronominal forms in Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s (PE23/102), so that for example mane “who (neutral)” could become mano “who (male)” and ane “someone” could become ano “someone (male)”. It is probably based on the contemporaneous masculine primitive suffix ✶-owo.
inya
adjective. female
An adjective for “female” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√INI “female” (Ety/INI).
Conceptual Development: In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien gave a similar form ᴱQ. qinya “female”, an adjectival form of ᴱQ. qin “woman” (PE16/135).
In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√(G)ERE/(G)RÉ “bear, produce” such as ᴹQ. rea “female”, réna, or ᴹQ. ríte “female [of any kind]” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and there are no signs of the root ᴹ√RÉ in the revised text.
hanwa
adjective. male
A word appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “male” (Ety/INI), an adjectival form of the noun ᴹQ. hanu “male” (Ety/ƷAN).
Conceptual Development: In drafts for the first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s, Tolkien had various adjectival forms based on the root ᴹ√NŌ/ONO “beget” (vs. ᴹ√RÉ “bear, produce”), including ᴹQ. noa, nóna, or ᴹQ. noito “male (of any kind)” (PE23/87), but the relevant sections were rejected and elsewhere √NŌ is not specifically masculine.
m(an)ainen
adverb. by what means
mahtar
noun. warrior, warrior, [ᴱQ.] soldier
mat-
verb. to eat
má
noun. hand
má
what; when
sempi
pronoun. few
almárea
adjective. blessed
ambar
noun. fate
ho
preposition. from
hún
noun. earth, earth, *ground
A word in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s with stem form hun- and gloss “earth” (QL/39). It might be a later iteration of ᴱQ. han “ground, earth” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/39), and if so then hún might also be used as “✱ground”. I think it is useful to assume so for purposes of Neo-Quenya, as the other attested word for “ground”, Q. talan, is probably used more often for “floor”, including floors above the ground level.
ilmarin
place name. Ilmarin
kurwe
noun. craft
min
cardinal. one
mine
cardinal. one
má
noun. land, region
nahta-
verb. to slay
ohtakáro
noun. warrior
ohtatyaro
noun. warrior
oron
noun. mountain
qalin
adjective. dead, dead, [ᴱQ.] dying
An adjective for “dead” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KWAL “die (in pain)” (Ety/KWAL).
Conceptual Development: The adjective ᴱQ. qalin meant “dead” all the way back in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s where it was derived from the early root ᴱ√QALA “die” (QL/76; PME/76). In the Qenya Lexicon it has an archaic variant ᴱQ. †qalna (QL/76). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, qalin appeared in the stative construction qalinya {“is dead” >>} “is dying” (PE16/140).
rea
noun/adjective. female
sairon
noun. wizard
sauron
masculine name. Sauron
tyel
noun. end
umbar
noun. fate, doom
wenda
adjective. female
íre
conjunction. when
óma
noun. voice
The correlative ᴹQ. manárea “how old, how long lasting, (lit.) lasting or living how many days” appeared in Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC) from 1948 (PE23/108), a combination of interrogative ᴹQ. ma and an adjectival form of ᴹQ. are “day”.
Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would update this to ᴺQ. manaurëa using Q. aurë for “day”.