kṇdōrā́

noun. kṇdōrā́

kṇ́dṑra

noun. kṇ́dṑra

kṛkta

noun. kṛkta

kṛ́pàlima

adjective. kṛ́pàlima

kópa

noun. kópa

kīla

noun. kīla

kǝ̀rekka

noun. kǝ̀rekka

k’lamektā

noun. k’lamektā

k’lamakta-

verb. k’lamakta-

kopo

root. keep, guard‽

kalā

noun. kalā

krikw-

verb. krikw-

kahta

noun. kahta

kaillume

adverb. kaillume

kamba

noun. kamba

kapse

noun. kapse

kasla

noun. kasla

kekt(ǝ)lē

noun. kekt(ǝ)lē

kelekwé

noun. kelekwé

koile

noun. koile

korolda

adjective. korolda

kwap-

verb. kwap-

kwapya-

verb. kwapya-

kwissa-

verb. kwissa-

kyurna

noun. kyurna

kalda

noun. kalda

keréldǝ

noun. keréldǝ

koso

root. KOSO

kiti

root. *tickle

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s whose derivatives had to do with tickling such ᴱQ. kitya- “tickle” and ᴱQ. kityalea “ticklish, susceptible, sensitive” (QL/47). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon contained a couple of possible Gnomish cognates: G. tisc “ticklish” and G. tisca- “tickle” (GL/70). This kind of k/t variation is seen in a few other early Qenya and Gnomish forms, such as ᴱQ. talqe “glass” vs. G. celc (QL/88; GL/25) and probably represents variant roots in ancient Elvish.

I think it is worth preserving this root for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, but the only way I see to preserve a similar k/t variation in the phonetic systems of later Quenya and Sindarin is to posit a root inversion to √TIK in the Sindarin branch, as in the inversion of the CE root √LED’s to √DEL in Quenya (WJ/363).

keke

root. cluck

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cluck”, with derivatives ᴱQ. keket “pheasant” and ᴱQ. kekteket “clucking” (QL/46). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth retaining for purposes of Neo-Eldarin.

kenye

root. prick

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “prick” (QL/46). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

kara

root. do, make

kṇtṇ

root. make twang; play harp

kṛp-

verb. to pluck

kṛpṛ

root. pluck

kele

root. flow, run; ooze, trickle

kar-

verb. to make

koðo

root. revere‽

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KOŘO “revere?” (question mark is Tolkien’s) with derivatives like ᴱQ. korda “temple”, ᴱQ. kordon “idol”, and the holy city of ᴱQ. Kor (QL/48). Many of its Gnomish derivatives began with g-, such as G. gort “idol” and G. gorthin “fane, temple” (GL/41-42), so the true root may have been ✱ᴱ√GOÐO. The city name ᴹQ. Kôr was in later writings derived from ᴹ√KOR “round” (Ety/KOR). However, for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I think it is worthwhile to postulate a root ᴺ√KOD that might be used to salvage the Early Qenya words for “temple” and “idol”, as they were used heavily in Helge Fauskanger’s NQNT (Neo-Quenya New Testament).

kereke

root. *spit

A root appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√kerek- and ᴱ√kereχ- and derivatives like G. crech “spittle”, G. crectha- “spit”, G. agrectha- “despise”, and G. agrectharol “despicable” (GL/27). The first of these derivatives reappeared in Early Noldorin of the 1920s as a derivative of ✶kǝ̀rekka along with the Qenya form ᴱQ. rekka (PE13/140). This Qenya form, and the meaning of the Gnomish words from the 1910s, resembles the derivatives of the root ᴱ√RETYE from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s such as ᴱQ. retye- “spit” and ᴱQ. retima “despicable” (QL/79). Thus ᴱ√KEREKE may be variant or replacement for ᴱ√RETYE.

In The Etymologies of the 1930s there is a later root ᴹ√PIW “spit” which may have supplanted ᴱ√K(E)REKE, but the derivatives of ᴹ√PIW are only verbal and I think it worth positing the existence of a Neo-Eldarin noun root ᴺ√K(E)REK “spittle” to salvage the Gnomish words, especially those having to do with contempt.

koho

root. undergo, endure

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “undergo, endure”, with most of its derivatives having to do with patience, such as ᴱQ. kóle “passivity, endurance, patience” and ᴱQ. kóleva “passive” (QL/47).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think these early words may be reimagined as derivatives of √KOL “bear”.

komo

root. *ball, roll

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives having to do with spherical shapes and rolling, such as ᴱQ. kóma “ball” and ᴱQ. konta- “roll up, roll, pack” (QL/47). There are no signs of this root being used for this meaning in Tolkien’s later writing, and these senses seem to have been transferred to √KOR.

kṇðṇ

root. shine

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KṆŘṆ “shine” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kanda- “blaze”, G. cintha- “to light, set alight”, ᴱQ. kanwa “lurid”, and G. cantha “flame” (QL/47; GL/25-26). It may be a variant of ᴱ√KṚN “✱red” (QL/48). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

kana

root. *lead (metal)

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s whose derivatives all began with kanu- and had to do with metallic lead (QL/44). The root √KAN had various other meanings in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is possible to theorize the existence of a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KANU “lead (metal)” in order to retain these early words.

kaka

root. laugh

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “laugh” with derivatives like ᴱQ. kaka-/G. cacha- of the same meaning (QL/44; GL/24). It was likely made obsolete by later roots for “laugh” like √LAL.

katya

root. *gleam

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives ᴱQ. kate “gleam, ray” and ᴱQ. katinka “candle” (QL/45). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

kava

root. *dig

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. kava- “dig” and ᴱQ. kambo “cellar, cave, vault” (QL/45). Elvish “dig” words in later writings were mostly based on √SAP.

kaŋa

root. weave, twine

A root appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√KANGA “weave” with various derivatives of similar meaning (QL/45), but the actual root probably had medial Ŋ as with ᴱ√KAŊA “twine” appearing later in that same document (QL/98). There are a number of probably-related forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon starting with either cang- or cing-, such as G. cang “tangled”, G. cingra “plaited”, and G. cing(win) “spider” (GL/25-26). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KANGA “tangle” to salvage various Gnomish words having to do with tangles and confusion.

keke

root. to bubble up

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “to bubble up”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. kektele “fountain” and G. caithl “source, fount, origin” (QL/46; GL/25). In later writings, “spring” was derived from ᴹ✶et-kelē = ᴹ√ET “out” + ᴹ√KEL “flow”, so that ᴱ√KEKE¹ “to bubble up” was probably abandoned.

kyuru

root. curdle

This root first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱ√TYURU “curdle”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. tyuru- “curdle” and ᴱQ. tyur “cheese” (QL/50). Derivatives also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. cur- “curdle” and G. cûr “cheese” (GL/28). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips revising this document, “cheese” became cír derived from ᴱ√kyus (PE13/111) and Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s had ᴱN. cír “sour, curdled” and ᴱN. cirtha- “to turn sour” from ᴱ√kyúr (PE13/140).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing a root ᴺ√KYUR “curdle” to preserve these early “cheese” words.

kḷkḷ

root. gather, collect, reap

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “gather, collect, reap” with derivatives like ᴱQ. kalka “sickle” and ᴱQ. kilk- “gather, reap” (QL/47). Given the change of the Elvish constellation from ᴱQ. Telpea Kalka “✱Silvern Sickle” to later Q. Valacirca “Sickle of the Valar”, it is clear this root was replaced by ᴹ√KIRIK.

kḷtḷ

root. tilt; fling

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “tilt; fling” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kilt “tuck”, G. cilt “jerk”, ᴱQ. kilti- “jerk, tuck”, and G. ciltha- “tug, jerk (out)” (QL/47; GL/26). The later root ᴹ√RIK(H) has a similar meaning (Ety/RIK(H)).

kala

root. shine golden

keme

root. soil

koro

root. be round, roll

kuvu

root. bend, bow

kṛkṛ

root. *point, bend

kailik

root. *glass

ki

root. this by me

kili

root. edge

kumu

root. heap up

kṛnṛ

root. *red

kapa

root. leap, spring

kaẇa

root. stoop

koẏo

root. have life

kulu

root. gold

kama

root. lie down

kamp(r)u

noun. flea

kantya

noun. edge

kapa-

verb. to leap

karase

noun. lettuce

kasa

root. head

kaya

root. lie, rest; dwell

kaı̯-

verb. to lie down

kere

root. turn

kereke

root. turn round and round, send to and fro; weave

kirisi

root. cut, split

kisi

root. cut, split

kiwka

noun. cud

kiði

root. cut, split

kolo

root. *point

kolo

root. to strain through

kulū

noun. gold

kupu

root. hump

kuru

root. *magic

kı̯-ā

adverb. now

kḷpḷ

root. hold, contains (esp. of liquids)

kala

root. *grow

kanga

root. weave

kiři

root. cut, split

kořo

root. revere‽

kwere

root. turn

kyere

root. turn

kyusu

root. curdle

kṇřṇ

root. shine

ṝk-

adjective. ṝk-

ḷkălā́

noun. ḷkălā́

viki

root. *sticky

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√VIKI and ᴱ√VIT͡YI and derivatives like ᴱQ. viksa “sticky”, ᴱQ. vikte “gum”, and ᴱQ. vísi “blood” (QL/101). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

laika

root. *keen, sharp

tyaka

root. hew

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “hew” with derivative ᴱQ. tyakta- of the same meaning (QL/49). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

eke

root. *point

ḷk/kal

root. *glory

ḷkḷ

root. *appearance

maka

root. slay

dak-

verb. to slay

mḷkḷ

root. possess

skap-

verb. to jump

piki

root. *small

ske-ndá

noun. eye

tailik

root. *glass

tḷkḷ

root. [unglossed]

kaẏa

root. KAẎA

This root appeared (unglossed) in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as the basis for the words ᴱQ. kaïkta- “strangle” and ᴱQ. kailen “throat, gullet” (QL/46). The Ẏ indicates derivation from an ancient palatal spirant [c] or [ɟ] (PE12/15-16). There is no sign of this root past the 1910s.

kuku Speculative

root. KUKU

A hypothetical root serving as the basic for words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s like G. cug- “ponder, resolve, think, consider” and similar forms (GL/27). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

kaha

root. cause

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “cause” with derivatives like ᴱQ. ka- “cause”, ᴱQ. káma “guilt, responsibility”, and ᴱQ. kasta “cause, motive, ultimate reason” (QL/43). There are similar derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon, such as G. caith “cause, reason, motive” < ᴱ✶kahta (GL/24). Some of these words have no good replacements in Tolkien’s later writing, so I think it is worthwhile to postulate a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KAH to salvage some of these early words.

kok Speculative

root. catch

A hypothetical root serving as the basis for early words like G. cog “claw, fist”, G. crog “hook” and G. croctha- “catch” (GL/27).

koto Reconstructed

root. nut

A hypothetical early root from the 1910s that would serve as the basis for Elvish “nut” words such as ᴱQ. kote and G. cod (QL/48; GL/26). In 1969, Tolkien introduced a new form Q. pec- for “nut” (PE22/155).

kḷnḷ Speculative

root. *ring

A hypothetical root serving as the basis for “bell” words in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s such as ᴱQ. kilin “bell” and ᴱQ. kalon “(large) bell” (QL/46); syllabic Ḷ would help explain the vowel variations. In Tolkien’s later writings, “bell” words were derived from ᴹ√NYEL.

kama

root. *red flower

kiniki Reconstructed

root. hang

aha

root. know

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “know”, but most of its derivatives have to do with “mind” (QL/29). There are quite a few later roots filling this same semantic space, and this root was probably abandoned.

miqi

root. kiss

The root ᴱ√MIQI “kiss” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. miq- “to kiss” and ᴱQ. miqele “kissing” (QL/61). Derivatives also appeared in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. mib “a little kiss, a peck” and G. mictha- “kiss, bill” (GL/57). The word ᴱQ. miqilitse “little or tender kiss” appeared in the ᴱQ. Nieninqe poem from the 1920s (MC/215; PE16/90, 92). Tolkien created a new version of this poem in 1955 and reused many of the same words, including Q. mikwi- “kiss” and Q. miquelis “(soft, sweet) kiss” (PE16/96); the latter also appeared as ᴹQ. miqilis “kiss” in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s (PE21/33). These later examples support the ongoing validity of this root, perhaps as ✱√MIKW.

reðe

root. kinsman

The form reðe was a root added under ᴱ√RESE [REÞE] “aid, support” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives of ᴱ√RESE having to do with “kinship” reassigned to reðe, such as ᴱQ. renda “related, of the same kin or clan” and ᴱQ. resse “kinswoman, cousin” (QL/79). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien had a similar set of words likewise derived from distinct reth- vs. redh-, with the latter most likely being the basis for words like G. redhin “related” and G. ress “cousin (f.), relative” (GL/65). The root was given as RESE- “kinsman” in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/79), but the addition of reðe may be later than that document.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√RE(N)D to preserve these early kinship and cousin words, for which we have no later alternatives. It might be considered a variant of later root √RED “scatter, sow” (Ety/RED; PE19/91) and thus applied only to more distant kin.

tuðu

root. kindle

The root ᴱ√TUŘU “kindle” [TUÐU] appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variant forms ᴱ√TUSO and ᴱ√TUSU as well as derivatives like ᴱQ. tunda- “kindle”, ᴱQ. turu “wood, properly firewood”, and ᴱQ. tusturin “match” (QL/96). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon had a similar primitive form tudh- with derivatives like G. tund “log for the fire”, G. tusta- “inflame, kindle, set light to, burn”, and G. tuthli “match” (GL/72). However, the Gnomish Lexicon also had words like G. drui “wood, forest” and G. duru “wood; a pole, beam, or log” (GL/31). Since initial d- &gt; t- in Early Qenya, it seems likely that ᴱ√TUŘU “kindle” may also represent a blending with an unattested root ✱ᴱ√DURU “wood”.

Many years later Tolkien gave a hypothetical root √TUD in contrasted to √TUL to illustrate certain principles of etymological variations (VT48/25). It is not clear whether this √TUD is related to earlier ᴱ√TUÐU “kindle”. Nevertheless, I think it is worth positing a Neo-Root ᴺ√TUD “firewood, kindling” to salvage Early Qenya and Gnomish words of similar meaning.

oto

root. knock

res-rŭ

noun. kinsman, cousin

stor’onturá

masculine name. King of Eagles

teŋe

root. know, understand

pakata Speculative

root. *talk, speech

rese

root. kinsman

faka Speculative

root. cut

A hypothetical early root to explain words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as G. fag- “cut” and G. fanc “cut” (GL/33). It might be related to ᴱ√FḶKḶ “cleave, hew”. There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

haka Speculative

root. *squat

A hypothetical root explaining words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as ᴱQ. haka- “squat”, G. hag- “sit, sit down” and ᴱQ. hakka/G. hacha “the hams, buttocks” (GL/47). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is useful to hypothesize a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KHAK to let us salvage some of these early words.

pete

root. *knock, hammer

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. penta “nose, beak (probably of such birds as woodpeckers)”, ᴱQ. pete- “knock, strike”, and ᴱQ. petl “hammer” (QL/73). Later nose, knock and hammer words were derived from other roots.

qasa

root. *shake

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qasa- “shake, flap, nod, rustle”, ᴱQ. qasilla “tuft, nodding spray, tassel, plume”, G. cwas- “shake, nod, wag”, and G. cwathli “plume, spray, tassel” (QL/76; GL/28).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is useful to salvage these early words by positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWATH.

qini

root. *squeak

The unglossed root ᴱ√QINI appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qíne “squeaking” and ᴱQ. qíni- “speak high, squeak” (QL/77).

Neo-Eldarin: I think it worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWIN “squeak” to preserve these Early Qenya words, though it conflicts with √KWIN “crest, salient or top edge”.

qityi

root. *knit

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qity- “knit” and ᴱQ. qint “loop, stitch for knitting” (QL/78).

Neo-Eldarin: I think it worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWIT “knit” to preserve these Early Qenya words.

ʒete

root. *kin

A root for “kin” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing only as an element in the primitive form ᴱ✶ŋuaʒet- > G. gwaid “kinsmen, relations; companion”, but with a number of other obvious derivatives such as G. ged “kinsman†; friend, chum” and G. geth “clan, kindred, folk” (GL/38, 43). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

isi

root. *know

leẇe

root. *sick

qama

root. *sick

qivi

root. *awake

tana

root. *fire, kindle

gisi

root. *know

qoso

root. *choke, suffocate, drown

qořo

root. *choke, suffocate, drown

vityi

root. *sticky

ŋolo

root. to know

gṛþṛ

root. *admire, have affection for

A root in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s appearing as gṛþ- replacing deleted kṛþ- with derivatives having to do with care and affection (GL/42). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and N. garth had the meaning “fort, fortress” in the 1930s (Ety/ƷAR|GARAT) making it likely this root was abandoned.

gopo Reconstructed

root. keep, guard‽

qoðo Reconstructed

root. *choke, suffocate, drown

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√QOŘO [QOÐO] having derivatives like ᴱQ. qoro- “choke, suffocate, drown” and ᴱQ. qonda “choking smog, smoke” (QL/78); it also had a variant form (probably a distinct root) ᴱ√QOSO from which ᴱQ. qosse “mist” was likely derived.

Neo-Eldarin: I think it worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWOD to preserve some of these Early Qenya words, but bear in mind there is strong evidence that the combination quo- was not possible in Tolkien later iterations of Quenya, as discussed in the entry for how [[q|[wo] became [o]]] in Quenya.

sana Speculative

root. *know

hese

root. wither

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wither”, with derivatives having to do with withered things and winter (QL/40). In the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon the root was given as heth², but it is not clear whether this was intended to be a variant root or a replacement (GL/49). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, but I think it is worth salvaging as a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KHES “wither” to salvage Gnomish and Early Qenya wither-words.

laqa

root. catch

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “catch”, contrasted with ᴱ√LAPA “enfold” and ᴱ√LṆQṆ “catch, come on, light on, find, get” (QL/51, 55). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing, and it may have been replaced by ᴹ√GAT of similar meaning (Ety/GAT).

qapa

root. chaffer

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “chaffer”, which is an archaic word for “haggle”; it has a number of derivatives having to do barter and bargaining like ᴱQ. qampo “pedlar, huckster”, ᴱQ. qapta “deal, bargain”, and ᴱQ. qapta- “to exchange” (QL/76). These early words have no clear replacements in Tolkien’s later writing, so I recommend positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWAP to salvage these early words.

sele

root. *bright

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as a variant of ᴱ√SILI with a single derivative ᴱQ. selka “bright” (QL/83). Other than a mention of selka “bright” in the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME), there are no signs of this root having this meaning elsewhere.

tołᵂo

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in The Qenya Phonology of the 1910s illustrating a hypothetical series of ancient lateral approximants, with derived roots like ᴱ√TOLO and ᴱ√TOẆO [with ẇ = ɣʷ] (PE12/16). The former appeared in the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon as the basis for island words (QL/94), but the latter appeared nowhere else in Early Qenya writings.

nolo

root. dare

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dare”, with derivatives like ᴱQ. nolme “audacity” and ᴱQ. nolwa “bold, brave” (QL/67). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

qili

root. *colour

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives having to do with colour and adornments like ᴱQ. qile “hue, colour” and ᴱQ. qilya- “adorn, embellish, colour” (QL/77). It had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon as well such as G. cwil “hue, tint” (GL/28). As there are no better options for a generic words for “colour” in Tolkien’s later writing, I recommend positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWIL “colour” to preserve these Early Qenya words.

qolo

root. *disease

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. qolo- “ail” and ᴱQ. qolu “disease” (QL/78).

Neo-Eldarin: I think it worth positing a Neo-Eldarin root ᴺ√KWOL to preserve some of these Early Qenya words, but bear in mind there is strong evidence that the combination quo- was not possible in Tolkien later iterations of Quenya, as discussed in the entry for how [[q|[wo] became [o]]] in Quenya.

sivi

root. [unglossed]

Unglossed roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱ√SIVI and ᴱ√SIWI and a single unglossed derivative ᴱQ. sivilda (QL/84). It is difficult to guess what Tolkien intended for these forms to mean, though they conceivably reemerged as the later roots ᴹ√SIW “excite, egg on, urge” (Ety/SIW) or √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

teme

root. tie

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “tie” with no derivatives (QL/91), but ᴱQ. tendl “string” is derived from ᴱ√teme in The Qenya Phonology (PE12/25) and ᴱQ. Vorotemnar, name of the manacles binding Melko in the earliest Lost Tales, is probably related as pointed out by Christopher Tolkien (LT1/101, 273). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.

ðoro

root. sit

A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sit” with derivatives mean “sit” or “seat” (QL/85-86). In the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien gave the root as SORO with ÐORO in parenthesis, but Gnomish cognates like G. dorn “seat” and dortha- “to settle” (GL/30) make it clear ÐORO was the true form of the root. There were a variety of different roots for “sit” in later writings such ᴹ√KHAM or √KHAD.

gana Speculative

root. young

A hypothetical early root that would explain words appearing in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s such as ᴱQ. kana and G. gân “young” (GL/37). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writings.

goþo

root. strive; angry

-yǝ

suffix. [unglossed]

grgu-

noun. alimentary canel

gṝgo

noun. throat

lapa

root. enfold

lini

root. gentle

pini

root. *small

qṇtā́

adjective. full

saw̯a

root. [unglossed]

An unglossed root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/82), which may have reemerged as √SAWA “disgusting, foul, vile” in notes from the 1950s (PE17/172, 183).

sili

root. *gleam

tala

root. support

ðana

root. day

A primitive form in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives meaning “day” (GL/38). There were a variety of different roots for “day” in later writings such ᴹ√AR or √UR.

ŋuarenđā

noun. family

nawa Speculative

root. dwarf

gwṛðṛ

root. die

hotho

root. bind

lepse

?. [unglossed]

lopse

?. [unglossed]

m(b)ṇðṇ

root. bind

mẓđē

noun. mist

nele

root. point

nene

root. flow

pī

root. *small

qala

root. die

retye

root. *spit

roto

root. hollow

siði

root. flow

siři

root. flow

sōđā

noun. house

teled-

noun. [unglossed]

toẇo

root. [unglossed]

tyuru

root. curdle

t’lépe

noun. silver

þχe-ndǝ

noun. eye

dala Reconstructed

root. support