harya-

possess

harya- vb. "possess" (3AR)

harya-

verb. to have, to have, [ᴹQ.] possess

Derivations

• ᴹ√ƷAR “have, hold”

Element in

• ᴺQ. harno “possessor”
• Q. merin sa haryalyë alassë nó vanyalyë Ambarello “I hope that you have happiness before you pass from the world” ✧ MS/01

sam-

verb. to have

Derivations

• √SAM “to have, have; [ᴹ√] unite, join” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• ᴺQ. osáma “common, joint, (lit.) together-having”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAM > samin	[sam-]	✧ PE17/173

sav-

verb. to have

Derivations

• √SAM “to have, have; [ᴹ√] unite, join” ✧ PE17/173

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAM > sevin	[samini] > [semini] > [semin] > [sevin]	✧ PE17/173
√SAM > ahawv > aw	[asāme] > [asǭme] > [ahǭme] > [ahaume] > [ahaum] > [aum] > [auv] > [au]	✧ PE17/173

sevin

8r$5% verb. I have

v. aor. & pron. suff. I have. Q. samin. >> -n

gar

possess

gar- (i **âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant**. (AI:92, VT45:14)

gar

possess

(i ’âr, i ngerir = i ñerir) (hold, have; be able, can); pa.t. garant. (AI:92, VT45:14)

kher

root. possess, possess, [ᴹ√] rule, govern, [ᴱ√] have power

The basic root for rulership was √KHER for most of Tolkien’s life. The root appeared as ᴱ√HERE “rule, have power” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, and in this period already had the derivative ᴱQ. heru “lord” and ᴱQ. heri “lady” (QL/40), words that retained the same form and meaning throughout Tolkien’s life. Gnomish derivatives from this period include G. herma “protection, lordship, sway”, G. hermon “lord”, G. hîr “care, anxiety; heed”, and G. hiril “queen†, princess” (GL/49).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s these last two Gnomish words became N. hîr “master” and N. hiril “lady” as derivatives of ᴹ√KHER “rule, govern, possess”; the words ᴹQ. heru/ᴹQ. heri reappeared as well (Ety/KHER). All four of these words reappeared frequently in Tolkien’s later writing, though S. hîr was more typically glossed “lord” (PM/210; SD/129; VT41/9; Let/382; UT/318). The root √KHER itself reappeared in a 1954 letter to Naomi Mitchison with the gloss “possess” (Let/178).

Derivatives

• Ad. khôr “lord”
• ✶khēr “lord, master”
  • Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
  • S. hîr “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; VT41/09
• ✶kherī “lady”
  • Q. heri “lady”
• ✶kheru- “to lord it over, be master of, own”
  • ᴺQ. heru- “to lord it over, be master of, own, [ᴱQ.] rule”
• ✶kherū “lord, master”
  • Q. heru “lord, master” ✧ Let/282; PE17/097
• ᴺQ. hérë “lordship”
• ᴺS. herf “protection, lordship, sway”

Element in

• ᴺQ. herulatsë “estate, domain”
• ᴺQ. ohérë “government”
• S. rochir “knight, horse-lord” ✧ Let/178

Variations

• kher- ✧ Let/178

sam

root. to have, have; [ᴹ√] unite, join

The root ᴹ√SAM “unite, join” was a later addition to The Etymologies of the 1930s with the derivative ᴹQ. samnar “diphthongs” (Ety/SAM). There is also evidence for it in the word ᴹQ. sampane “combination” as in ᴹQ. Lámasampane “Combination of Sounds”, a term used in the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ1) from the 1930s (PE18/40), and again in the second version (TQ2) from around 1950 (PE18/90). In an isolated note from the late 1930s, Tolkien gave ᴹ√kam “bind, join” as a replacement for √sam along with a new word ᴹQ. okamna “diphthong” (VT44/13), but given the reappearance of Q. sampanë in TQ2 this may have been a transient idea, and in any case Tolkien used the word Q. ohlon for “diphthong” in the 1950s and 60s (VT39/9; VT48/29).

In notes grouped with Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, Tolkien gave √SAM as the basis for Elvish verbs for “to have”, with Q. samin and S. sevin “✱I have” (PE17/173). Whether this was connected to 1930s ᴹ√SAM “unite, join” is unclear. In notes associated with the 1959-60 essay Ósanwe-kenta, Tolkien gave the root √SAM with the gloss “mind, think, reflect, be aware” (VT41/5), but in later writings he used √SAN for “think, use mind” instead (PE22/158); see that entry for discussion.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I’d use √SAM = “have”.

Derivatives

• Q. sam- “to have” ✧ PE17/173
• S. sav- “to have” ✧ PE17/173

Element in

• ᴺQ. sampan- “to combine”
• Q. sampanë “combination”

Variations

• SAM ✧ PE17/173; PE17/183