megil

noun. sword

_ n. _sword. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'.

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

mormegil

proper name. Black Sword

Name adopted by Túrin while he was in Nargothrond, translated “Black Sword” (S/210), a combination of morn “black” and megil “sword” (SA/mor, EtyAC/MAK).

Conceptual Development: In the earliest Lost Tales, this name first appeared as G. Mormagli (LT2/84), revised to N. Mormaglir in early Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, then to N. Mormael (SM/313, LR/139) alternating with N. Mormegil (SM/313). Mormegil appeared in an early entry of The Etymologies (EtyAC/MAK), with a later entry suggesting a replacement N. Magladhûr that was never used in the texts (Ety/MAK). It wasn’t until the Silmarillion revisions from the 1950s-60s that Tolkien finally settled exclusively on S. Mormegil (WJ/83, 138 note §268).

malvegil

masculine name. ?Sword of Gold

The 6th king of king of Arthedain (LotR/1038), perhaps a combination of malt “gold” and the lenited form of megil “sword”.

magor

masculine name. The Sword

Leader of the house of Marach when they passed into Beleriand (S/143), his name was translated “The Sword” on the genealogy charts of that house (WJ/234-5), and appears to be simply magor “swordsman” used as a name.

Arvegil

noun. royal sword

ar (prefix “high, noble, royal”) + megil (“sword”)

Mormegil

noun. black sword

morn (“dark, black”) + megil (“sword”)

megil

noun. sword, longsword

crist

noun. cleaver, cleaver; [N.] sword; [G.] knife; slash, slice

Angrist

noun. iron cleaver, sword

ang (“iron”) + rist (from risto “cleave”) The stem of the last element blended with the stem kris- of similar meaning.

Gurthang

noun. death sword

gurth (“death”) + ang (“iron”)

i arben na megil and

Knight of the Long Sword

lang

noun. cutlass, sword

magor

noun. swordsman

magor

noun. swordsman

magol

sword

(i vagol), analogical pl. megyl (i megyl), coll. pl. maglath (though analogical ?magolath may also be possible). In ”Noldorin”, this was the native word for ”sword” (derived from primitive makla, as is Quenya macil); it is unclear whether Tolkien definitely replaced it with megil when he turned ”Noldorin” into Sindarin, or whether both words coexist in the language.

megil

sword

1. megil (i vegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i megil). This is a borrowing from Quenya macil (VT45:32). 2) magol (i vagol), analogical pl. megyl (i megyl), coll. pl. maglath (though analogical ?magolath may also be possible). In ”Noldorin”, this was the native word for ”sword” (derived from primitive makla, as is Quenya macil); it is unclear whether Tolkien definitely replaced it with megil when he turned ”Noldorin” into Sindarin, or whether both words coexist in the language. 3) lang (cutlass), pl. leng.

lang

sword

(cutlass), pl. leng.

megil

sword

(i vegil), no distinct pl. form except with article (i megil). This is a borrowing from Quenya macil (VT45:32).

falchon

noun. great two-handed sword, twibill

lang

noun. cutlass, sword

hador

masculine name. Warrior

Leader of the House of Hador, one of the three tribes of the Edain (S/147). In a geneology from 1959, the name seems to be translated “Warrior” in Hador Lorindol “the Warrior Goldenhead”, appearing beneath S. Magor “the Sword” and S. Hathol “the Axe” (WJ/234).

Conceptual Development: In Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s, this name appeared as N. Hádor and Hador with both long and short a (LR/146). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. hador was translated as “thrower” (Ety/KHAT).

magor

swordsman

magor (i vagor), analogical pl. megyr (i megyr)

magor

swordsman

(i vagor), analogical pl. megyr (i megyr)

hathel

broadsword blade

(i chathel, o chathel) (axe blade), pl. hethil (i chethil)

Angrist

Angrist

Angrist means "Iron Cleaver" in Sindarin (from ang = "iron" and crist = "cleaver", "sword").

crist

cleaver

crist (i grist, o christ) (sword), no distinct pl. form except with article (i christ)

crist

cleaver

(i grist, o christ) (sword), no distinct pl. form except with article (i christ)

lang

cutlass

lang (sword), pl. laing

lang

cutlass

(sword), pl. laing

rist

cleaver

(sword) rist (cutter), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleft”.

în

adjective. his (referring to the subject)

-deid

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deith, -dyn, -ed, [[]]

-deith

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deid, -dyn, -ed, [[]]

-dyn

suffix. his

_3rd sg. poss. suff. his, her.See also the paradigm of poss. suff. in PE17:46. Earlier -ed_. >> -deid, -deith, -ed, [[]]

Rest

noun. cut

dag-

verb. to slay, to slay, [ᴱN.] kill

A verb meaning “to slay” derived from the root √NDAK, best known from its passive participle dangen as in Haudh-en-Ndengin “Hill of Slain” (S/197). Tolkien wrote a set of possible past forms aðag, aðanc, aðarch in notes from 1962 (PE17/131), and the verb appeared in its Noldorin-style infinitive form degi “to slay” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√NDAK “slay” (Ety/NDAK), along with another couple of (Noldorin) past forms: danc, degant (EtyAC/NDAK). The verb form ᴱN. (n)dag- “to slay” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141), but its present form dág was glossed “kills” and in the contemporaneous Early Noldorin Grammar the form dagion was likewise glossed “I kill” (PE13/130). Thus “slay” and “kill” are both viable translations.

Possible Etymology: In notes from around 1962, Tolkien gave ✶dankĭnā as the primitive form of its passive participle dangen, indicating a root √DAK rather than √NDAK, which is also consistent with its nasal mutated plural form on that page: {i dengin >>} i nengin (PE17/133). The 1964 past forms aðag and aðanc also seem to indicate derivation from √DAK (PE17/131). In notes from around 1967, however, Tolkien had the mixed mutated form n(d)engin in the phrase i·m(b)air en N(d)engin, indicating √NDAK, and he consistently gave nac- for the equivalent Quenya forms, so the early 1960s flirtation with √DAK seems to have been a transient idea.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume the root is √NDAK, and hence I’d give it the past form ✱annanc “slayed” rather than aðanc.

dagor

noun. battle

dagor

noun. battle

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from, of. In older S. o had the form od before vowels. o menel aglar elenath ! lit. 'from Firmament glory of the stars !'.

o

preposition. from

_ prep. _from. . This gloss was rejected.

od

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

rista-

verb. to cut

rista-

verb. to rend, rip

tîn

adjective. his

tîn

pronoun. his

Non-lenited form suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT31/21).

Gurthang

Gurthang

Gurthang is a Sindarin name, consisting of the elements gurth ("death") + ang ("iron").

Rest

cut

(noun) 1) rest (ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist), 2) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

aeg

thorn

(peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.

auth

battle

(war), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "dim shape, apparition".

criss

cut

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cleft, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss)

dag

slay

dag- (i nâg, i ndegir), pa.t. danc or dagant, passive participle dangen "slain" (pl. dengin, lenited nengin) (VT45:37)

dag

slay

(i nâg, i ndegir), pa.t. danc or dagant, passive participle dangen "slain" (pl. dengin, lenited nengin) (VT45:37)

dagor

battle

(noun) 1) dagor (i nagor, o ndagor), analogical pl. degyr (i ndegyr), coll. pl. dagorath. Archaic dagr, so we might have expected dagrath as the coll. pl.; dagorath would be an analogical formation. 2) (battle of two or a few, not a general host) maeth (i vaeth) (fight), no distinct pl. except with article (i maeth). 3) auth (war), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "dim shape, apparition".

dagor

battle

(i nagor, o ndagor), analogical pl. degyr (i ndegyr), coll. pl. dagorath. Archaic dagr, so we might have expected dagrath as the coll. pl.; dagorath would be an analogical formation.

dagra

battle

(verb, "do battle, make war") dagra- (i nagra, i ndagrar), also dagrada- (i nagrada, i ndagradar)

dagra

battle

(i nagra, i ndagrar), also dagrada- (i nagrada, i ndagradar)

daug

warrior

(i naug, o ndaug) (soldier), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, ✱”torment-warrior”)

ecthel

thorn point

(pl. ecthil). See also

hadron

warrior

(i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath.

hâdh

cleaver

†hâdh (i châdh, o châdh, construct hadh, pl. haidh (i chaidh). _(Tolkien_s gloss of the word hâdh was illegible [LR:389 s.v. SYAD], but a compound including hâdh is equated with Quenya Sangahyando ”Throng-cleaver”.)

hâdh

cleaver

(i châdh, o châdh, construct hadh, pl. haidh (i chaidh). *(Tolkien’s gloss of the word hâdh was illegible [LR:389 s.v.*

hâdh

syad

is equated with Quenya Sangahyando ”Throng-cleaver”.)

hûl

cry of encouragement in battle

(i chûl, o chûl, construct hul), pl. huil (i chuil)

maeth

battle

(i vaeth) (fight), no distinct pl. except with article (i maeth).

maethor

warrior

1. maethor (i vaethor), analogical pl. maethyr (i maethyr), 2) (”thrower” or ”hurler”, i.e. of spears or darts) hadron (i chadron, o chadron), pl. hedryn (i chedryn), coll. pl. hadronnath. 3) (primarily Orkish warrior) daug (i naug, o ndaug) (soldier), pl. doeg (i ndoeg), coll. pl. dogath. Compounded as -dog in the name Boldog (= baul-daug, *”torment-warrior”)

maethor

warrior

(i vaethor), analogical pl. maethyr (i maethyr)

o

of

(od), followed by hard mutation. With article uin ”from the, of the” (followed by ”mixed” mutation according to David Salo’s reconstuctuons). (WJ:366). Not to be confused with o ”about, concerning”.

rest

cut

(ravine, cleft), pl. rist (idh rist)

rist

cleaver

(cutter), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleft”.

rêg

thorn

(construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg)

tín

his

*tín (only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín* is used instead (e.g. i venn sunc i haw ín** ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but *i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody elses) juice”.

tín

his

(only attested in lenited form dín, following a noun with article). Possibly, the word also covers ”her(s)” and ”its” as a general 3rd person form. If ”his” refers to the same person as the subject, the form ín is used instead (e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his (own) juice”, but ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his (somebody else’s) juice”.

êg

thorn

1. êg (construct eg), pl. îg; 2) rêg (construct reg) (holly), pl. rîg (idh rîg), 3) aeg (peak, point). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". See also SPINE.

êg

thorn

(construct eg), pl. îg

ín

his

(pronoun referring to the subject, e.g. ✱i venn sunc i haw ín ”the man drank his [own] juice”, as opposed to ✱i venn sunc i haw dín ”the man drank his [= another’s] juice”)

macil

sword

macil ("k")noun "sword" (MAK, LT1:259, VT39:11, VT45:32, VT49:17); macilya "his (or their) sword" (PE17:130), see -ya #4.

yelca

sword

[yelca noun ?"sword" - Tolkien's gloss is not certainly legible, and the word was struck out anyway. (VT45:11)]

calimmacil

masculine name. *Bright Sword

Grandson of Telumehtar (28th king of Gondor) and grandfather of Eärnil II, who became the 32nd king of Gondor after Ondoher and his sons were killed (LotR/1050). This name seems to be a compound of calima “bright” and macil “sword”.

calmacil

masculine name. *Sword of Light, Shining Sword

Tar-Calmacil was the Quenya name of 18th ruler of Númenor, also known as Ad. Ar-Belzagar (UT/222), and Calmacil was the 18th king of Gondor (LotR/1038). This name seems to be a compound of cala “light” and macil “sword”.

elemmacil

masculine name. *Star Sword

The captain of the gates of Gondolin who confronted Tuor (UT/45). His name is most likely a compound of elen “star” and macil “sword”, with the n assimilated to the m.

mac-

verb. to hew with a sword, to hew (with a sword), *swing (a sword); [ᴱQ.] to slay; to die

A verb in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, appearing in its aorist form make “hews with a sword” and derived from the root √MAK “cut, hew with a sharp edge” that was also the basis for sword words.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s ᴱQ. maka- meant “slay” under the early root ᴱ√MAKA (QL/57), while in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, ᴱQ. maka- meant “die” with a causative variant ᴱQ. maktya- “kill” (PE14/58). This early root was also the basis for ᴱQ. makil “sword”, so the shifting meanings of the Quenya verb seem to be based on the shift meanings of the root; see √MAK for further discussion.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use mac- as a general word for “hew”, with a particular connotation of “hew with a sword”. Furthermore, I think this verb originally applied to the motion of hewing (= swing a blade) as opposed to Q. nac- for the result of hewing (= cut with a blade), though in practice the two verbs often overlap. I think mac- “hew” is more commonly used, since [ᴹQ.] nac- also means “bite”.

maica

noun. blade of a cutting tool or weapon (especially sword-blade)

A noun appearing in notes associated with the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, glossed “blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade” derived from the root √MAK “cut, hew” (VT39/11). The Elves were somewhat uncertain of the ancient origin of this noun and Tolkien said:

> By some loremasters it was brought into relation with a small group of supposed ancient “desiderative” formations with intruded i ... Maika would [in ancient Elvish] thus be interpretted as “eager, fit, ready to cut”, and it might well be brought into relation with the idea often found in ancient tales that swords were greedy and thirsty (VT39/11).

Conceptual Development: Earlier “blade” words in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s include ᴱQ. valke (valki-) “edge, sharp blade” under the early root ᴱ√VḶKḶ (QL/101) and ᴱQ. hyanda “blade, share” under the early root ᴱ√HYAŘA [HYAÐA] “plough through” (QL/41). Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. tále as a cognate to ᴱN. dail “axe-blade”, both derived from primitive ᴱ✶daglé (PE13/141). The Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s had the similar noun ᴱQ. taila “blade” derived from primitive ᴱ✶dagla (PE14/66).

menelmacil

proper name. *Sword of the Sky

A variant form of the name for Orion: Menelmacar (WJ/411). It seems to be a compound of menel “the heavens” and macil “sword”, so meaning “✱Sword of the Sky”.

mormacil

masculine name. Black Sword

The Quenya equivalent of Mormegil (MR/216). It is a combination of the element √MOR “black” and macil “sword”.

Conceptual Development: The name ᴱQ. Mormakil dates back to the earliest Lost Tales where it had the same meaning (LT2/84). ᴹQ. Mormakil appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (SM/29, 304) and The Etymologies, which is the source of the derivation as given above (Ety/MAK). The Quenya form was not used in the published version of The Silmarillion, however.

narmacil

masculine name. *Fire-sword

The 17th and 29th kings of Gondor (LotR/1038). This name seems to be a compound of nár “fire” and macil “sword”.

Calimmacil

bright sword

Calimmacil masc. name, *"Bright Sword" (for *Calimamacil?) (Appendix A)

Calmacil

light-sword

Calmacil masc. name, *"Light-sword" or possibly (if haplology of *Calmamacil*) "Lamp-sword" (Appendix A). Cf. cálë, cala, calma, macil**.

Mormacil

black-sword

Mormacil ("k")noun "Black-sword" (name of Túrin, Sindarin Mormegil) (MAK)

Narmacil

flame-sword

Narmacil noun masc. name, *"Flame-sword" (Appendix A)

andamacil

long sword

#andamacil noun "long sword" (anda + macil), attested with the possessive ending -wa (andamacilwa, PE17:147)

ecet

short broad-bladed sword

ecet ("k")noun "short broad-bladed sword" (UT:284)

falquan

large sword

falquan ("q")noun "large sword" (LT2:341)

lango

broad sword

lango (1) noun "broad sword", also "prow of a ship" (LAG)

mac-

verb. hew with a sword

#mac- _("k")_vb. "hew with a sword" (VT39:11, where the aorist macë is given); cf. early "Qenya" mac- ("k")"slay" (LT1:259)

maica

blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade

maica (2) ("k") noun "blade of a cutting tool or weapon, especially sword-blade" (VT39:11)

russë

corruscation, †sword-blade

russë (2) noun "corruscation, †sword-blade" (RUS)

andamacil

noun. long sword

arquen andamacilwa

Knight of the Long Sword

macil

noun. sword, forged sword blade, cutting sword, sword, forged sword blade, cutting sword, [ᴱQ.] broadsword

arcas i arano lá macil

‘the king’s crown, not sword

ecet

noun. short stabbing sword

hyando

noun. cleaver, cleaver, [ᴹQ.] hewer (sword)

macar

swordsman

macar ("k") (1) noun "swordsman" (VT39:11). In Menelmacar (see menel). According to VT41:10, macar is literally "forger" (derived from maca-, q.v.), "often used in later use of a warrior".

mectar

swordsman

mectar _("k")_noun"Swordsman". In Telimectar ("k"). (LT1:268; in LotR-style Quenya mehtar, also macar)

macilindil

noun. gladiolus, (lit.) sword lily

A neologism coined by Delle posted on 2024-05-09 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of macil “sword” and indil “lily”.

-nen

most nouns have an instrumental in -nen

-nen instrumental ending (pl. -inen, dual -nten, partitive pl. -línen). Attested in ambartanen, lírinen, lintieryanen, súrinen, parmanen; see ambar (#2), lírë, lintië, súrë, parma. Tolkien noted that "most nouns have an instrumental in -nen" (PE17:62), a wording suggesting that the form of the ending may vary; given the normal development ln > ld, it is possible that it would appear as *-den when added to a noun in -l (*macilden "with a sword").

-va

from

-va possessive ending, presumably related to the preposition va "from". In Eldaliéva, Ingoldova, miruvóreva, Oroméva, rómeva, Valinóreva (q.v. for references), Follondiéva, Hyallondiéva (see under turmen for references). Following a consonant, the ending instead appears as -wa (andamacilwa "of the long sword", PE17:147, rómenwa *"of the East", PE17:59). Pl. -vë when governing a plural word (from archaic -vai) (WJ:407), but it seems that -va was used throughout in late Exilic Quenya (cf. miruvóreva governing the plural word yuldar in Namárië). Pl. -iva (-ivë*), dual -twa, partitive pl. -líva**.

-ya

his

-ya (4) pronominal suffix "his" (and probably also "her, its"), said to be used in "colloquial Quenya" (which had redefined the "correct" ending for this meaning, -rya, to mean "their" because it was associated with the plural ending -r). Hence e.g. cambeya ("k") "his hand", yulmaya "his cup" (VT49:17) instead of formally "correct" forms in -rya. The ending -ya was actually ancient, primitive ¤-jā being used for "all numbers" in the 3rd person, predating elaborated forms like -rya. It is said that -ya "remained in Quenya" in the case of "old nouns with consonantal stems", Tolkien listing tál "foot", cas "head", nér "man", sír "river" and macil "sword" as examples. He refers to "the continued existence of such forms as talya his foot", that could apparently be used even in "correct" Quenya (VT49:17). In PE17:130, the forms talya "his foot" and macilya ("k") "his (or their) sword" are mentioned.

Menel

heavens

Menel noun "heavens" (Markirya, SA), "the heavens, the firmament" (SD:401), "the apparent dome in the sky" (MR:387). Menel Cemenyë ("k") "Heaven and Earth" (VT47:30). Found in names like Meneldil "Heaven-friend" = astronomer (Appendix A; Letters:386), Meneldur masc. name, "Heaven-servant" (Appendix A, Tar-Menelduras a Númenórean King, UT:210); menelluin "sky-blue", used as noun = "cornflower" (J.R.R. Tolkien: Artist & Illustrator p. 193). Menelmacar "Swordsman of the Sky", the Orion constellation (also called Telumehtar, Appendix E, first footnote); the older name was Menelmacil "Heaven-sword" (WJ:411); Meneltarma "Pillar of Heaven", name of the great central mountain of Númenor (SA:tar, VT42:21).Menelya fifth day of the Eldarin six-day week, dedicated to the heavens (Appendix D) Locative meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menellë, menelzë (VT43:12, 16). Adj. meneldëa "(being) in heaven", evidently based on a locative form meneldë "in heaven"; abandoned forms menelzëa, menellëa, menelessëa (VT43:13, VT44:16; the last of these forms would suggest the locative form #menelessë).

maca-

verb. to forge metal

maca- ("k")vb. "to forge metal" (which rang at the stokes of hammers). (VT41:10; in this source this is suggested as the origin of the word macil "sword", but mac- above would also seem to be relevant, so Tolkien may have changed his mind about the precise etymology of macil.)

mahta-

verb. wield a weapon

mahta- (1) vb. "wield a weapon", "fight" (MAK), "to handle, wield, manage" (VT39:11, VT47:18), also "deal with" (VT47:6, 19, VT49:10). Past tense mahtanë is attested (VT49:10). In an earlier version of the entry MAK in the Etymologies, Tolkien first glossed mahta- as "slay [or kill] with sword", then changed it to "fight with sword" (VT45:30-32)

mahtar

warrior

mahtar noun "warrior" (MAK; original gloss "swordsman", VT45:32)

orvincë

 noun. little apple, pommel

Compound consisting of orva "apple" [PE13/116] and -ince diminutive ending [UT/195].

mehtar

noun. warrior

-rya

his, her

-rya 3rd person sg. pronominal ending "his, her" and probably "its" (VT49:16, 38, 48, Nam, RGEO:67), attested in coivierya *"his/her life", máryat "her hands", ómaryo "of her voice" (genitive of *ómarya "her voice"), súmaryassë "in her bosom" (locative of súmarya "her bosom"); for the meaning "his" cf. coarya "his house" (WJ:369). The ending is descended from primitive ¤-sjā via -zya (VT49:17) and therefore connects with the 3rd person ending -s "he, she, it". In colloquial Quenya the ending -rya could be used for "their" rather than "his/her", because it was felt to be related to the plural ending -r,e.g. símaryassen "in their [not his/her] imaginations" (VT49:16, 17). See -ya #4.

-zya

his, her, its

-zya, archaic form of the pronominal ending -rya "his, her, its", q.v. (VT49:17)

ehtar

spearman

[ehtar] noun "spearman" (EK/EKTE, VT45:12)]

ehtyar

spearman

ehtyar noun "spearman" (EK/EKTE). According to VT45:12, Tolkien at one point also meant ehtyar to be the name of Tengwa #15 with overposed dots to indicate a palatal sound; the letter would thus have the value hty. However, according to the classical Tengwar spelling of Quenya as outlined in LotR Appendix E, such a letter would rather have the value **ncy (since #15 is there assigned the value nc in Quenya), but since **ncy is not a possible Quenya combination, a palatal variant of #15 would not occur in the classical Quenya mode.

ho

from

ho prep. "from" (3O); cf. hó-

hyar-

verb. cleave

#hyar- vb. "cleave" (1st pers. aorist hyarin "I cleave") (SYAD). Pa.t. probably *hyandë since the R of hyar- was originally D; cf. rer- "sow", pa.t. rendë, from the root RED.

hyar-

verb. cleave

ló

from

ló, lo (2) prep. "from", also used = "by" introducing the agent after a passive construction: nahtana ló Turin *"slain by Túrin" (VT49:24). A similar and possibly identical form is mentioned in the Etymologies as being somehow related to the ablative ending -llo, but is not there clearly defined (VT45:28). At one point, Tolkien suggested that lo rather than the ending -llo was used with proper names (lo Manwë rather than Manwello for "from Manwë"), but this seems to have been a short-lived idea (VT49:24).

mordo

warrior, hero

mordo (2) noun "warrior, hero" (LT1:268 - probably obsoleted by # 1 above)

nahta-

slay

nahta- (1) verb "slay" (nahtan "I slay"). Possible variant #nehta- see #nehtar. Passive participle nahtana in the phrase nahtana ló Túrin *"slain by Turin". (VT49:24)

nahta-

verb. slay

nassë

thorn, spike

nassë (2) noun "thorn, spike" (NAS). Not to be confused with nassë "(s)he is", VT49:30 or nassë # above. Note that in late material, the unambiguous word necel appears for "thorn" (PE17:55).

necel

thorn

necel ("k") noun "thorn" (PE17:55)

necel

noun. thorn

A word for “thorn” in notes on the Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings (WPP) from the late 1950s or early 1960s, derived from the root √NEK having to do with angles (PE17/55).

o

preposition. from

A preposition for “from”, especially in the genitival sense “originating from”. For “from” in a positional sense, it is far more common to use the ablative suffix -llo.

Conceptual Development: The preposition ᴱQ. ô was first mentioned in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as the equivalent of G. a(n·) “from” which had an ablative sense (GL/17). In Primitive Quendian Structure: Final Consonants written in 1936, Tolkien mentioned {o >> ho >>} o as a preposition based on primitive ᴹ✶ʒō̆ “away from, from among” (PE21/60 and note #48). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, ᴹQ. ho “from” appeared under the root ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ “from, away, from among, out of” (Ety/ƷŌ̆). This primitive form ʒō̆ was also the basis of the Quenya genitive suffix ᴹQ. -o.

In Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959, Tolkien mentioned the preposition Q. o “from” as a reduction of ancient ✶ăwă “away” (PE17/148). In Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) written in 1969 Tolkien again mentioned ō < ✶hō “from” with some difficult-to-read qualifications that seem to indicate this was “from” in the genitival sense, as opposed to ✶lō “from” in the positional/ablative sense (PE22/168).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would assume that o is a rarely used preposition, usually replaced by either genitive -o [originating from] or ablative -llo [moving from].

ohtacáro

warrior

[ohtacáro] ("k")noun "warrior" (KAR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the accent of the word ohtacáro was omitted (VT45:19).

ohtar

warrior, soldier

ohtar noun "warrior, soldier" (UT:282)

ohtar

masculine name. Warrior

The squire of Isildur (LotR/243, UT/272). This name is simply the word ohtar “warrior” used as a name. Since it is a name out of legend, this name might have originally been the man’s title instead of his name, with his true name now lost (UT/282, note #17).

ohtar

noun. warrior

rissë

cut

rissë noun? The word is not clearly glossed but apparently means "cut" or "cleft" (ravine), the cognate of the final element of Imladris, Sindarin name of Rivendell. (PE17:87)

rista

cut

rista (2) noun "cut" (RIS), cf. #1 above.

va

from

va prep. "from" (VT43:20; prefixed in the form var- in var-úra "from evil", VT43:24). In VT49:24, va, au and o are quoted as variants of the stem awa "away from".

magol

noun. sword

maethon

noun. sword

magl

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

magol

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

megil

noun. sword

magladhûr

proper name. Black-sword

Variant names for Mormegil (Ety/MAK; EtyAC/MAK, MOR), a combination of magol “sword” and the lenited form of dûr “dark”.

maglavorn

proper name. Black-sword

A rejected variant name for Mormegil, a combination of magol “sword” and the lenited form of morn “black” (Ety/MAK, MOR; EtyAC/MAK, MOR).

deleg

noun. sword?

lhang

noun. cutlass, sword

mormegil

proper name. Black-sword

crist

noun. cleaver, sword

crist

noun. cleaver, sword

lhang

noun. cutlass, sword

mormael

proper name. Black-sword

mormaglir

proper name. Black-sword

êg

noun. thorn

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “thorn” under the root ᴹ√EK (Ety/EK). In The Etymologies this root was glossed “spear”, but I think this gloss applied only to the extended form of the root √EKTE, because elsewhere √EK had other glosses like “sharp, (sharp) point, thorn” (WJ/365; VT48/25; PE22/127).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, G. eg merely meant “point” (GL/32) while G. aith was “thorn” (GL/18), both from the early root ᴱ√EKE or ᴱ√EHE having to do with points (GL/31; QL/35). In Gnomish Lexicon Slips this became G. aithr “thorn” which also had an archaic sense “†sword” (PE13/108), a word that also appeared as ᴱN. aithr “thorn, [archaic] †sword” in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/136).

maeth

noun. battle, fight, fight, battle

dagor

noun. battle

dag-

verb. to slay

dag-

verb. to slay

dagor

noun. battle

dagr

noun. battle

dagra-

verb. to battle

daug

noun. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs)

hâdh

noun. (?) cleaver

maeth

noun. battle, fight (not of general host but of two or a few)

maethor

noun. warrior

maethor

noun. warrior

o

preposition. from, of (preposition (as a proclitic) used in either direction, from or to the point of view of the speaker)

According to WJ/366, the preposition "is normally o in all positions, though od appears occasionally before vowels, especially before o-". With a suffixed article, see also uin

osgar-

verb. to cut round, to amputate

rhest

noun. cut

rhest

noun. cut

rhista-

verb. to cut

rhista-

verb. to rend, rip

êg

noun. thorn

makla

noun. sword

maikā

noun. blade of a cutting tool or weapon (especially sword-blade)

kiris

root. cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split

gō

preposition. from

ndakta-

verb. to slay

ăwă

preposition. from

ʒō

preposition. from

gimilzagar

masculine name. ?Sword of Stars

Second son of the 18th ruler of Númenor Ar-Belzagar (Q. Tar-Calmacil “✱Light-sword”) and younger brother to the 19th ruler Ar-Abattârik (UT/227). The first element gimil means “stars”. The second element zagar most likely means “sword” if his father’s Quenya and Adûnaic names have the same meaning.

zagar Reconstructed

noun. ?sword

An element appearing in the names Gimilzagar (UT/227) and Belzagar (UT/222). The Quenya name of Gimilzagar is Calmacil, the final element of which means “sword”, so perhaps this word means the same thing. Most authors have suggested this interpretation (AAD/24, AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/ZAG’R, NBA/20) as well as its possible relationship to azgarâ- “wage war”.

-ô

preposition. from

A prepositional suffix translated “from” (SD/429). In a few places, the suffix appears with the glide-consonant v (pronounced [w]) between it and a preceding u-vowel (SD/247, 249). It is likely related to the Quenya genitive inflection Q. -o.

Conceptual Development: At an earlier conceptual stage, this suffix was a grammatical inflection, the draft-genitive -ō (SD/438).

ho

preposition. from