poldorë

strong, burly

poldorë noun? (not glossed, derived from polda "strong, burly": possibly "strength" as an abstract) (POL/POLOD)

túrë

mastery, victory

túrë noun "mastery, victory" (TUR), "strength, might" (QL:95), "power" (QL:96)

túrë

noun. *might, mastery, [ᴹQ.] mastery, victory; [ᴱQ.] might, strength, power

Derivations

• √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

• ᴺQ. artatúrë “government”
• ᴺQ. lietúrie “democracy”
• ᴺQ. túrëautocië “tax”
• ᴺQ. turëa “influential”
• Q. túrëa “mighty, masterful, mighty, masterful, *having political power” ✧ PE17/115

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√TUR > túrë	[tūre]	✧ PE17/115

Turcafinwë

strong, powerful (in body) finwë

Turcafinwë masc. name, "strong, powerful (in body) Finwë", masc. name; he was called Celegorm in Sindarin. Short Quenya name Turco. (PM:352), compare #turco "chief" (q.v.)

tuo

muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength

tuo noun "muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength" (TUG)

ranco

arm

ranco ("k")noun "arm", stem *rancu- given the primitive form ¤ranku, hence also pl. ranqui ("q")(RAK)

melehtë

might, power

melehtë noun "might, power" (inherent) (PE17:115)

rá

arm

rá (3) noun "arm" (LT2:335, there spelt râ; probably obsoleted by # 2 (and # 1) above. In Tolkien's later Quenya, "arm" is ranco)

curu

noun. skill, skill; [ᴱQ.] magic, wizardry

@@@ more accurately what men would might “magic”, but to the Elves including what is to them ordinary skills such as mental communication and powers of foresight

Cognates

• S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft; power, ability, skill (of the hand), craft; power, ability; [N.] cunning; [ᴱN.] magic” ✧ SA/curu

Derivations

• √KUR “have power, strength, ability inherent physically or mentally; skill, have power, strength, ability inherent physically or mentally; skill, [ᴹ√] craft”

Element in

• Q. Curufinwë “*Skilled-Finwë” ✧ SA/curu; SI/Fëanor
• Q. Curumo “*Skilled-one”
• ᴺQ. curuni “witch, *sorceress, female magician (not necessarily evil)”

curu

skill

curu noun "skill" in names like Curufinwë (q.v.) and Sindarin Curufin, Curunir. (SA; possibly the same as curo, curu- above but there was a word curu ["k"] in Tolkien's early "Qenya", glossed "magic, wizardry" [LT1:269]).

turmë

noun. governing power, strength

Derivations

• √TUR “dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power, dominate, master, conquer; power [over others], mastery (legitimate or illegitimate), control (of other wills); strong, mighty in power; [ᴹ√] victory; [ᴱ√] am strong”

ranc

noun. arm

tû

strength

(physical strength) tû (i dû, o thû) (muscle, sinew; vigour), pl. tui (i thui), coll. pl. túath.

tû

strength

(i dû, o thû) (muscle, sinew; vigour), pl. t**ui  (i thui), coll. pl. túath**.

bell

strong

1) (in body) *bell, lenited vell, pl. bill. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” belt. 2)

bell

strong

lenited vell, pl. bill. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” belt.

thalion

strong

thalion (steadfast, dauntless), pl. thelyn. Also used as a noun ”hero, dauntless man”.

thalion

strong

(steadfast, dauntless), pl. thelyn. Also used as a noun ”hero, dauntless man”.

bellas

bodily strength

(i vellas), pl. bellais (i mellais) if there is a pl.

tûr

mastery

tûr (i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. tuir (i thuir), coll. pl. túrath

tûr

mastery

(i dûr, o thûr, construct tur) (victory, power, control; victor, lord), pl. t**uir (i th**uir), coll. pl. túrath

ranc

arm

ranc (pl. rengy or rainc, with article idh rengy/rainc), coll. pl. rangath

ranc

noun. arm

ranc

arm

(pl. rengy or rainc, with article idh rengy/rainc), coll. pl. rangath

tû

muscle

tû (i dû, o thû) (sinew; vigour, physical strength), pl. tui (i thui), coll. pl. túath

tû

muscle

(i dû, o thû) (sinew; vigour, physical strength), pl. t**ui (i thui), coll. pl. túath**

curu

skill

curu (i guru, o churu) (cunning, cunning device, craft), pl. cyry (i chyry). Archaic *curw, hence the coll. pl. is likely curwath. (VT45:24)

curu

skill

(i guru, o churu) (cunning, cunning device, craft), pl. cyry (i chyry). Archaic ✱curw, hence the coll. pl. is likely curwath. (VT45:24)

abâr

noun. strength, endurance, fidelity

A noun translated as “strength, endurance, fidelity”, and used as an example of noun declension in Lowdham’s Report (SD/431). Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne suggested (AAD/9) that it may be related to the Elvish root ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure”. It may also be related to the name Abrazân “✱Steadfast, Faithful”.

Conceptual Development: This word also appeared in earlier Adûnaic names Zen’nabâr and Abarzâyan (both glossed “Land of Gift”), where it apparently had the meaning “gift”. These names were eventually replaced by Yôzâyan in which the element yô means “gift”, freeing abâr to have the meaning: “strength, endurance, fidelity”.

Derivations

• ᴹ√BOR(ON) “endure”

Element in

• Ad. Abarzâyan “Land of Gift”
• Ad. Zen’nabâr “Land of Gift”

Variations

• abār ✧ SD/431

stal

root. strong

The unglossed root ᴹ√STALAG appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like N. thala “stalwart, steady, firm” and N. thalion “hero, dauntless man” (Ety/STÁLAG), the latter a sobriquet of Húrin typically translated as “Steadfast” in the narratives themselves (S/199). Similar forms appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s derived from the primitive form ᴱ✶stalga (PE13/153).

The root √STAL “strong” was mentioned in passing as the basis for the adjective Q. astalda in a rejected page associated with roots having to do with “large & small” words, probably from the late 1960s (PE17/115; VT47/26 note #26). The name Q. Astaldo “Valiant” appeared as a sobriquet of Tulkas in later versions of The Silmarillion (S/28), replacing the earlier name Q. Poldórëa of similar meaning (MR/146, 149; LR/206). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume √STAL (and its derivatives) means “✱valiant” rather than “strong”.

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. astal “valour”
• Q. astalda “strong, *valiant” ✧ PE17/115

Element in

• ᴺS. thalas “valour, courage”

kur

root. have power, strength, ability inherent physically or mentally; skill, have power, strength, ability inherent physically or mentally; skill, [ᴹ√] craft

This root was associated with craft and skill for much of Tolkien’s life. The earliest iteration of the root was unglossed ᴱ√KURU whose Qenya and Gnomish derivatives mostly had to do with magic, such as ᴱQ. kuru “magic, wizardry” and G. curu “magic” (QL/49, GL/28). It appeared again in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KUR “craft” with derivatives like ᴹQ. kurwe “craft” and N. curu “cunning”. It was mentioned again in notes associated with The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 with the gloss “skill” and various derivatives similar to the 1930s. Its final mention in published material is from Late Notes on Verbs from 1969:

> “can” = have power, strength, ability inherent physically or mentally. √KURU. Cf. ✱kurwē “power, ability”, S curu in curunír “wizard”, us[ually] applied to exceptional powers espec. of mind, ability to make one’s will effective. It thus approaches some uses of our “magic”, esp. when applied to powers not understood by the speaker, but it does not even then (except perhaps when the word was used by Men) connote any alteration or disturbance of the “natural order”, which to the Eldar were either “miracles” performed by agents of the One or counterfeits by delusion (or by means other than miraculous which impressed the uninstructed as supernatural) (PE22/151).

This last note reconciles the connection between this root and “magic”, in that some powers of the mind that Elves perceive as natural skill would seem to Men to be magical, and in this sense it is the basis for words like S. curunír “wizard”.

Derivatives

• ✶kurwē “skill of the hand; power, ability” ✧ PE22/151; VT41/10
  • Q. curwë “skill of the hand, technical skill and invention, [ᴹQ.] craft, [Q.] skill of the hand, technical skill and invention” ✧ VT41/10
  • S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft; power, ability, skill (of the hand), craft; power, ability; [N.] cunning; [ᴱN.] magic” ✧ PE22/151
• Q. curo “skillful (?device)” ✧ VT41/10
• Q. curu “skill, skill; [ᴱQ.] magic, wizardry”
• ᴺQ. curwa “cunning, skillful”
• ᴺQ. curwesta “technology”
• ᴺQ. curya “potent, powerful, strong (as function of craft or cunning)”
• S. curu “skill (of the hand), craft; power, ability, skill (of the hand), craft; power, ability; [N.] cunning; [ᴱN.] magic” ✧ VT41/10

Element in

• Q. Curufinwë “*Skilled-Finwë” ✧ VT41/10

Variations

• KURU ✧ PE22/151
• kuru- ✧ VT41/10

bellas

noun. bodily strength

belt

adjective. strong in body

tû

noun. muscle, sinew, vigour, physical strength

tûr

noun. mastery, victory

rhanc

noun. arm

rhanc

noun. arm

A noun appearing as N. rhanc “arm” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶ranku under the root ᴹ√RAK “stretch out, reach” (Ety/RAK). It had the irregular plural form rhengy, presumably from final -ui becoming -y, but this plural was archaic and reformed to rhenc based on normal Noldorin (and later Sindarin) plural patterns.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had (archaic) G. †râ “arm, strength” (GL/65), clearly related to ᴱQ. rā “arm” in contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon from the early root ᴱ√RAHA “stretch forward” (QL/78). The Gnomish Lexicon also had a non-archaic word rath “the full arm, the extent of one’s arm, one’s reach — a measure = 2 feet”, apparently referring to both the arm itself and the reach of the arm, and so functioning as a unit of measure (GL/65).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt the Noldorin word as ᴺS. ranc “arm” (plural renc) as suggested in HSD (HSD), since the unvoicing of initial r to rh was a feature of Noldorin of the 1930s but not Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s. Based on the Gnomish usage, this word might also be used as a unit of measure for an arm’s length, about 2 feet.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ranko “arm” ✧ Ety/RAK

Derivations

• On. ranko “arm” ✧ Ety/RAK; Ety/RAK
  • ᴹ✶ranku “arm” ✧ Ety/RAK
  • ᴹ√RAK “stretch out, reach” ✧ Ety/RAK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ranko > rhanc	[raŋko] > [raŋkʰo] > [raŋxo] > [raŋx] > [r̥aŋx] > [r̥aŋk]	✧ Ety/RAK
On. rankui > rhengy	[raŋkui] > [raŋkʰui] > [raŋxui] > [reŋxui] > [r̥eŋxui] > [r̥eŋgui] > [r̥eŋgy]	✧ Ety/RAK