cén

soil, earth

cén (cem-) ("k")noun "soil, earth"; see cemen (KEM)

vahta-

to soil, stain

vahta- vb. "to soil, stain" (WA3)

cemi

earth, soil, land

cemi noun "earth, soil, land"; Cémi ("k")"Mother Earth" (LT1:257; the "Qenya" word cemi would correspond to cemen in LotR-style Quenya)

cemen

kemen

cemen (cén) (spelt "kemen" in some sources, "cemen" in others)noun "earth" (VT44:34), Cemenyë ("k") "and Earth" (VT47:11). Cemen refers to the earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens (SA:kemen); "soil, earth"_ (KEM,__LT1:257). At one stage, Tolkien intended cemen to be the genitive of cén; later cemen became the nominative, and the status of cén is uncertain. See Kementári. Locative cemessë, cemenzë (really spelt with c rather than k in one version, but also kemenze) in the Quenya Lord's Prayer; later changed to kemendë, cemendë (VT43:17)_

kemen

earth

kemen noun "earth"; see cemen.

mar

earth

mar (1) noun "earth" (world), also "home, dwelling, mansion". Stem mard- (VT46:13, PE17:64), also seen in the ablative Mardello "from earth" (FS); the word is used with a more limited sense in oromardi "high halls" (sg. oromar, PM17:64), referring to the dwellings of Manwë and Varda on Mt. Taniquetil (Nam, RGEO:66). The initial element of Mardorunando (q.v.) may be the genitive mardo (distinguish mardo "dweller"). May be more or less identical to már "home, house, dwelling" (of persons or peoples; in names like Val(i)mar, Vinyamar, Mar-nu-Falmar, Mardil) (SA:bar, VT45:33, VT47:6). Már is however unlikely to have the stem-form mard-; a "Qenya" genitive maren appears in the phrase hon-maren, q.v., suggesting that its stem is mar-. A possible convention could therefore be to use már (mar-) for "home, house" (also when = household, family as in Mardil, q.v.), whereas mar (mard-) is used for for "earth, world". Early "Qenya" has mar (mas-) "dwelling of men, the Earth, -land" (LT1:251); notice that in LotR-style Quenya, a word in -r cannot have a stem-form in -s-.

ennorath

noun. central lands, middle-earth

ceven

noun. *Earth, *earth; Earth

A word for “Earth” used in the Sindarin translation of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s, in the phrase: bo Ceven sui vi Menel “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” (VT44/21). It is clearly a cognate of Q. cemen of the same meaning, and like Quenya I suspect this word can be used for both “Earth” and “earth”. The more usual Sindarin word for “world” was amar, so I suspect that, where referring to the global realm, ceven meant more the “habitable surface of the earth” rather than the entire planet. See, for example Christopher Tolkien’s note on kemen “referring to the earth as a flat floor beneath menel, the heavens” from The Silmarillion appendix (SA/kemen).

Possible Etymology: If this word is indeed a direct cognate of Q. cemen < ✱kemen, it is not clear why the final n didn’t vanish as was usual in Sindarin; perhaps the Sindarin form was derived from a variant primitive form like kemenē. Alternately, it may be a back-formation from some inflected form, as happened with other similar words like S. aran and S. thoron.

Cognates

• Q. cemen “the earth; earth, the earth; earth, [ᴹQ.] soil”

Derivations

• ✶kemen “earth”
  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Element in

• S. bo Ceven sui vi Menel “on Earth as [it is] in Heaven” ✧ VT44/27
• ᴺS. cevemphast “earth quake”

Variations

• Ceven ✧ VT44/27

amar

earth

(archaic Ambar), pl. Emair

bâr

earth

(dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds.

cae

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

cae

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

cae

earth

(i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also

ceven

noun. Earth

ceven

earth

1) ceven (i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23), 2) (world) Amar (archaic Ambar), pl. Emair; 3) bâr (dwelling, house, home, family; land) (i mâr, o mbâr, construct bar), pl. bair (i mbair). Also -bar, -mar at the end of compounds. 4) (maybe ”earth” as substance) cae (i gae, o chae). No distinct pl. form even if there is a pl., except with article (i chae). For ”earth” as a substance, see also SOIL.

ceven

earth

(i geven, o cheven), pl. cevin (i chevin) (VT48:23)

cêf

soil

(noun) 1) *cêf (i gêf, o chêf), pl. cîf (i chîf), coll. pl. cevath (suggested Sindarin forms of ”Noldorin” cef, pl. ceif). 2) maw (i vaw) (stain), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.

cêf

soil

(i gêf, o chêf), pl. cîf (i chîf), coll. pl. cevath (suggested Sindarin forms of ”Noldorin” cef, pl. ceif).

gwatha

soil

(verb) gwatha- (i **watha, in gwathar**) (stain)

gwatha

soil

(i ’watha, in gwathar) (stain)

maw

soil

(i vaw) (stain), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.

maw

noun. soil, stain

gwass

stain

(noun) 1) gwass (i **wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i **wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith), 2) (noun) maw (i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”. 3) mael (i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.

gwass

stain

(i ’wass, construct gwas), pl. gwais (in gwais), also gwath (i ’wath), pl. gwaith (in gwaith)

gwatha

stain

(verb) gwatha- (i **watha, in gwathar**) (soil)

gwatha

stain

(i ’watha, in gwathar) (soil)

mael

stain

(i vael), no distinct pl. form except with article (i mael). Also as adj.

maw

stain

(i vaw) (soil), pl. moe (i moe). Note: a homophone is an archaic word for ”hand”.

gwaen

stained

(lenited ’waen; no distinct pl. form)

mael

stained

(lenited vael; no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”lust”. Another adj.

ennor

place name. central land, middle-earth

dâira

noun. Earth

A noun translated as “Earth” in the final version of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247). It may be related to S. dôr “land”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynn (AAD/13).

Conceptual Development: In the Lament of Akallabêth (first draft), this noun appeared as kamāt (SD/311).

Element in

• Ad. Bârim an-Adûn yurahtam dâira sâibêth-mâ Êruvô “Lords of [the] West, they rent [the] Earth with assent from Eru” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. bārun an-adūn {urahhata >>} urahta dāira sāibēth-mā ēruvō ✧ SD/247

Variations

• dāira ✧ SD/247

keme

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Variations

• kĕmĕ ✧ PE21/80 (kĕmĕ)

kemen

noun. earth

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth”

Derivatives

• Q. cemen “the earth; earth, the earth; earth, [ᴹQ.] soil”
• S. ceven “Earth, earth; Earth”

cef

noun. soil

cef

noun. soil

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “soil” derived from the root ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” (Ety/KEM). It had a rather unusual plural form ceif which shows i-intrusion but not the usual i-raising of e to i; under ordinary phonetic developments the expected plural would be ✱cif. I can think of no good reason for this abnormal plural, but it would be ^caif if adapted to Sindarin. It is mostly moot since this word is very unlikely to be used in the plural.

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM

Element in

• N. cennan “potter”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KEM > cef	[keme] > [kem] > [kev]	✧ Ety/KEM
ᴹ√KEM > ceif	[kemi] > [keim] > [keiv]	✧ Ety/KEM

hmaw

noun. soil, stain

hmaw

noun. soil, stain

Changes

• maw → hmaw “soil, stain” ✧ Ety/SMAG

Derivations

• ᴹ✶smāgā “soil, stain” ✧ Ety/SMAG; EtyAC/MAG²
  • ᴹ√SMAG “soil, stain” ✧ Ety/SMAG; EtyAC/MAG²
• ᴹ√SMAG “soil, stain” ✧ Ety/SMAG

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶māgā > maw	[māgā] > [māga] > [mǭga] > [mouga] > [mouɣa] > [mauɣa] > [mauɣ] > [mau]	✧ Ety/SMAG
ᴹ√SMAG > hmaw	[smāga] > [smǭga] > [m̥ǭga] > [m̥ouga] > [m̥ouɣa] > [m̥auɣa] > [m̥auɣ] > [m̥au]	✧ Ety/SMAG
ᴹ✶māga > maw	[māga] > [mǭga] > [mouga] > [mouɣa] > [mauɣa] > [mauɣ] > [mau]	✧ EtyAC/MAG²

Variations

• maw ✧ Ety/SMAG (maw); EtyAC/MAG² (maw)
• hmas ✧ EtyAC/SMAG

maw

noun. soil, stain

gwass

noun. stain

gwass

noun. stain

Cognates

• ᴹQ. vakse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivations

• On. wasse “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • ᴹ✶wahsē “stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. wasse > gwass	[wasse] > [gwasse] > [gwass]	✧ Ety/WAƷ

gwath

noun. stain

Derivations

• On. watte “a stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • ᴹ✶wahtē “a stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Element in

• N. Iarwath “Blood-stained” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. watte > gwath	[watte] > [wattʰe] > [waθθe] > [gwaθθe] > [gwaθθ] > [gwaθ]	✧ Ety/WAƷ

Variations

• gwath ✧ Ety/WAƷ

gwatha-

verb. to soil, stain

gwatha-

verb. to soil, stain

Cognates

• ᴹQ. vahta- “to soil, stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Derivations

• On. watta- “to soil, stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • ᴹ✶wahtā- “to soil, stain” ✧ Ety/WAƷ
  • ᴹ√WAƷ “stain, soil” ✧ Ety/WAƷ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. wattóbe > gwatho	[watta-] > [wattʰa-] > [waθθa-] > [gwaθθa-] > [gwaθa-]	✧ Ety/WAƷ

hmael

noun/adjective. stain

mael

noun/adjective. stain

hmael

noun/adjective. stained

mael

noun/adjective. stained

coe

noun. earth

This word is indeclinable, according to the Etymologies

coe

noun. earth

An indeclinable word given as {cíw >>} coe “earth” in The Etymologies of the 1930s as a derivative of the root ᴹ√KEM (Ety/KEM; EtyAC/KEM).

Possible Etymology: The primitive form of rejected cíw is given as ᴹ✶kēm and its derivation is clear: the long ē became ī and then the final m reduced to w after i as usual. The derivation of coe is more obscure, however. The likeliest explanation is that Tolkien imagined its ancient form with a slightly lowered vowel which he generally represented as ǣ in this period (in later writings as ę̄). According to the first version of the Tengwesta Qenderinwa and Comparative Vowel Tables from the 1930s (PE18/46; PE19/25), ǣ &gt; ei &gt; ai &gt; ae, and in The Etymologies itself, it seems ai often became oe instead of ae.

Neo-Sindarin: Updating the derivation of hypothetical ✱kę̄m would produced ᴺS. cae in Sindarin phonology. But given the obscurity of its derivation, I recommend using 1950s S. ceven for “earth” instead.

Changes

• cíw → coe ✧ Ety/KEM

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kemen “soil, earth; Great Lands” ✧ Ety/KEM

Derivations

• ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM
• ᴹ✶kēm “*earth” ✧ EtyAC/KEM
  • ᴹ√KEM “soil, earth” ✧ Ety/KEM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KEM > coe	[kǣm] > [kaim] > [kai] > [koe]	✧ Ety/KEM
ᴹ✶kēm > cíw	[kēm] > [kīm] > [kīv] > [kīw]	✧ EtyAC/KEM

Variations

• cíw ✧ EtyAC/KEM (cíw)

amar

noun. earth

amar

noun. Earth

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Ambar “Earth, World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√MBAR “dwell, inhabit” ✧ Ety/MBAR
  • ᴹ√BAR “raise; uplift, save, rescue(?)” ✧ Ety/BAR

Element in

• N. Emerin “Middle-earth” ✧ Ety/MBAR
• N. Gondobar “Stone of the World” ✧ Ety/MBAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAR > ambar > amar	[ambar] > [ambar] > [ammar] > [amar]	✧ Ety/MBAR

ambar

noun. earth