Quenya 

hu-

verb. hu-

[hu- or -, negative prefix (VT45:17); Tolkien settled on ú- instead.]

fur-

to conceal, to lie

fur- vb. "to conceal, to lie" (LT2:340) Read perhaps *hur- in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

funda-

thunder

#funda- stem of uncertain meaning occurring in a "Qenya" text, but possibly meaning "thunder" (see the comments of the editor in PE16:59). If the word survived (in Tolkiens conception), it would appear as *hunda- in Third Age Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- tended to become hu*-. This could result in such words as hunda**- vb. "to thunder", gerund *hundië (which could then express "thunder, thundering" as a noun).

-ro

he

-ro pronominal ending "he", in antaváro, q.v. In Tolkiens later Quenya, the ending -s covers both "he", "she" and "it".

essë

he

essë (2) pron? "he" (and also "she, it"?), possible emphatic 3rd sg. emphatic pronoun, attested in the sentence essë úpa nas "he is dumb" (PE17:126)

ala-

not

ala- (2) negative prefix "not", "un-", reduced to al- before a vowel (VT42:33, GALA, VT45:25), though the example Alcorin would suggest that al- can sometimes appear before a consonant as well. In a deleted entry in Etym, al(a)- was defined as "not" and said to be a "pure negative" (VT45:5). In alahasta, Alamanyar, alasaila, Alcorin.

furu

lie

furu noun "a lie" _(LT2:340, GL:36) _Read perhaps *huru in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

fúmë

sleep

fúmë noun "sleep" (LT1:253). Read perhaps *húmë in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

caita-

lie

caita- vb. "lie" (= lie down, not "tell something untrue"), aorist tense "lies" in the sentences sindanóriello caita mornië "out of a grey land darkness lies" (Nam, RGEO:67), caitas lá/palla i sír "it is [lit. lies] (far) beyond the river" (PE17:65); the latter example demonstrates that caita can also be used of a geographical feature that "lies" in a certain place. According to PE17:72 and VT48:12-13, the pa.t. is cainë or cëantë rather than **caitanë. The "Qenya" form kakainen, translated "were lying", may seem to be related (VT27:7, 21)

fúmella

poppy

fúmella noun "poppy" (also fúmellot) (LT1:253). Read perhaps *húmella in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

fúmellot

poppy

fúmellot noun "poppy" (also fúmella) (LT1:253) Read perhaps *húmellot in a LotR-compatible form of Quenya, since Tolkien later decided that fu- tended to become hu-.

se

he, she, it

se (1) pron. "he, she, it" also object "him, her, it", 3rd person sg. Used "of living things including plants" (VT49:37; the corresponding inaimate pronoun is sa). The pronoun comes directly from se as the original stem-form (VT49:50). Stressed form , VT49:51, attested in object position in melin sé "I love him" (VT49:21). Ósë "with him/her", VT43:29; see ó-. Long dative/allative sena "[to/for] him" or "at him", VT49:14, allative senna "to him/her" (VT49:45, 46). Compare the reflexive pronoun insë *"himself, herself".

ala

not

ala, #ála (1) imperative particle á, a combined with the negation , -la "not" to express a prohibition (VT43:22; see #1). Also with 1st person suffix -lyë (alalyë and álalyë, VT43:10, 22, VT44:8) and 1st person pl. object suffix - (alamë and álamë, "do not [do something to] us", as in ála tulya, "do not lead us", VT43:12, 22). In the essay Quendi and Eldar, negative imperatives are rather indicated by áva, q.v., but this form can well coexist with ala, #ála.

hundo

noun. thunder

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2021 specifically for Eldamo, a noun variant of the (rather hypothetical) verb ᴺQ. hundu- “to thunder”.

Elements

WordGloss
hundu-“to thunder”
Quenya Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

Sindarin 

e

pronoun. he

The meaning "he" is deduced from the apparent function of this word in the so-called "King's Letter", but it also seems possible to interpret it as "indeed" (as in Q. e, LR/63, VT/45:11), used here in a way of formal address expressing the wishes or the will of the King

Sindarin [SD/129-31] Group: SINDICT. Published by

e

pronoun. he

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. e “he, she, it”

Element in

Sindarin [AotM/062; SD/129] Group: Eldamo. Published by

al-

prefix. not

pref. not. >> alfirin

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:101:146] -. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

al

not

al- (prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

al

not

(prefix) as in alfirin "not-mortal", immortal.

ava

will not

(i ava, in avar).

delia

conceal

(i dhelia, i neliar), pa.t. daul (whence the passive participle dolen ”concealed”), later pa.t. deliant.

law

adverb. not

Derivations

  • LA “no, not; negative; not to be”
Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/reconstructions. Published by

said

not common

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, private, excluded) (VT42:20)

e

he

1) e (SD:128-31), 2) ho, hon, hono. (The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)

e

he

(SD:128-31)

ho

he

hon, hono. *(The distinctions between these forms are unclear. Possibly ho is the nominative ”he”, whereas hon is the accusative ”him”. Hono could be an emphatic form. It may be that all of these pronouns, except e, are ”Noldorin” and were not maintained in Sindarin proper.)*

ú

not

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin ”I do not keep”) (without). Verb

ú

not

u- (followed by lenition, e.g. ú-chebin

doltha

conceal

(i dholtha, i noltar). Pa.t. †daul, an archaic form that was maybe replaced by dolthant later. Passive participle dolen (see

losta-

verb. to sleep

See instead: lor-.

Sindarin [David Salo] LOS+-TÂ. Published by

Telerin 

aba-

prefix. not

Cognates

  • Q. ava- “negation (refusing or forbidden)” ✧ WJ/370

Derivations

  • BĀ/ABA “refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), [ᴹ√] deny; away, go away, depart” ✧ WJ/370

Element in

Variations

  • aba- ✧ WJ/371

Adûnaic

u

pronoun. he

A well-attested pronominal prefix, the masculine singular pronoun “he” (SD/433). See the entry on pronominal-prefixes for more discussion. Tolkien said that it had another variant hu- (SD/433), but this variant was only appears in the early and rejected hunekkū, which was changed to unekkū (see nakh-). Tolkien further indicated that the form u- primitively had an initial consonant [ɣ] or [ʔ] that was lost (SD/433).

Derivations

  • √Ad. ƷU “he”

Variations

  • u-/hu- ✧ SD/433

Noldorin 

hon(o)

pronoun. he

ho

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ho

pronoun. he

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ “masc., he” ✧ Ety/S
    • ᴹ√S “demonstrative stem” ✧ Ety/S

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶sū̆/sō̆ > ho[so] > [ho]✧ Ety/S

Variations

  • hon ✧ Ety/S
  • hono ✧ Ety/S

hon

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

hono

pronoun. he

Noldorin [Ety/385, X/Z] Group: SINDICT. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Primitive adûnaic

ʒu Reconstructed

root. he

A Primitive Adûnaic form attested as u “he” (SD/435), but given the later Adûnaic pronoun Ad. u or hu “he”, the actual primitive pronoun may have been ✱ƷU [ɣu], ✱ʔU or ✱HU [xu], as Tolkien indicated in a footnote (SD/433, note #7). The suffix -u was also a common feature of Classical Adûnaic masculine-nouns.

Derivatives

  • Ad. u “he”

Variations

  • u ✧ SD/435
Primitive adûnaic [SD/435] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Qenya 

ú-

prefix. not, un-, in-

Cognates

  • N. ú- “un, bad-” ✧ Ety/UGU

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶gū̆- “no, not” ✧ Ety/GŪ; Ety/UGU
    • ᴹ√ “no, not” ✧ Ety/GŪ
    • ᴹ√UMU “negative stems” ✧ Ety/UGU
    • ᴹ√ “no, not” ✧ Ety/UGU; Ety/GŪ
  • ᴹ√ “no, not” ✧ EtyAC/ƷŪ

Element in

  • ᴹQ. ufárea “not enough” ✧ LR/072
  • ᴹQ. úvanimo “monster” ✧ Ety/GŪ; Ety/UGU; EtyAC/ƷŪ (húvanimor)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶gū̆- > ū-[gū-] > [ɣū-] > [ū-]✧ Ety/GŪ
ᴹ✶ugu/gū > ú-[gū-] > [ɣū-] > [ū-]✧ Ety/UGU
ᴹ√ƷŪ > hū̆-[ɣū-] > [hū-]✧ EtyAC/ƷŪ

Variations

  • ū- ✧ Ety/GŪ; EtyAC/A
  • hū̆- ✧ EtyAC/ƷŪ (hū̆-)
  • ú ✧ EtyAC/UGU
  • u- ✧ LR/072 (u-)
Qenya [Ety/GŪ; Ety/UGU; EtyAC/A; EtyAC/ƷŪ; EtyAC/UGU; LR/072] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

los

root. sleep

Derivatives

Middle Primitive Elvish Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

o-

conjunction. he

Element in

  • G. o·gwath lemp nin “he beckons, (lit.) he wags a finger at me” ✧ GL/53 (o·gwath lemp nin*)

Variations

  • ✧ GL/53 ()

on

pronoun. he

Element in

Gnomish [GL/51; GL/62] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Primitive Elvish

ū

root. not

Derivatives

  • G. untha “no, none”
  • G. u- “negative prefix”
  • G. û- “not to be, not to do”
  • G. u “no, not, nor”
  • G. ug- “negative verb”
  • G. ub “no, none”
  • G. unt “nothing”

Element in

  • ᴱ√UMU “*negative” ✧ QL/098

Variations

  • Ū- ✧ QL/096
Early Primitive Elvish [QL/096; QL/098] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fumu

root. sleep

A root from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “sleep” with Quenya derivatives beginning with f- such as ᴱQ. fum- “sleep” (QL/38). This root was first given as (deleted) ᴱ√HUMU, as reflected in words appearing in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. hum- “sleep, drowze” (GL/49). In the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s, Tolkien gave the (unglossed) Qenya verb hum-, which might be a reversion to ᴱ√HUMU. However, in later writings Tolkien generally attributed the meaning “sleep” to the root √LOR and its variants, so ᴱ√HUMU/ᴱ√FUMU was probably abandoned.

Changes

  • HUMUFUMU ✧ QL/039

Derivatives

  • Eq. fum- “to sleep” ✧ QL/039
  • Eq. fúme “(deep) sleep” ✧ LT1A/fumellar; QL/039
  • G. hum- “to sleep, drowze”
  • G. hûm “sleep, slumber”

Variations

  • HUMU ✧ QL/039 (HUMU)
Early Primitive Elvish [LT1A/fumellar; QL/039] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

hu

pronoun. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

Element in

  • Eq. (h)úva “*his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive emphatic” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. hu·karne ha min “he did it first (i.e. either before anyone else did so, or before he did anything else)” ✧ PE14/084
  • Eq. hu·mate “he eats” ✧ PE14/085
  • Eq. húyo “he (emphatic); 3rd sg. masc. pronoun” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. hwa- “his; 3rd sg. masc. possessive” ✧ PE14/052
  • Eq. tára·kasse Taniqetildo, tára·kasisse hu·sórie “on the high top of Taniqetil, on the high peaks he sat” ✧ PE14/078
  • Eq. wingildin o silqelosseën “the foam-maidens with blossom-white hair” ✧ MC/216; PE16/100; PE16/104

Variations

  • o ✧ MC/216; PE16/100; PE16/100; PE16/104
  • hu- ✧ PE14/052; PE14/085
  • u- ✧ PE14/052
Early Quenya [MC/216; PE14/052; PE14/053; PE14/054; PE14/078; PE14/084; PE14/085; PE16/100; PE16/104] Group: Eldamo. Published by

u-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

o-

prefix. he; 3rd sg. masc. pronoun

tu

pronoun. he

Changes

  • tuhu “he” ✧ PE14/078

Element in

Variations

  • tu ✧ PE14/046; PE14/079 (tu)
Early Quenya [PE14/046; PE14/079] Group: Eldamo. Published by

fúmelot

noun. poppy