-da

draught, the amount drunk

-da suffix used to derive nouns denoting the result of an action, like yulda "draught, the amount drunk" (the stem YUL is here given the meaning "drink"). (PE17:68) Cf. also carda "deed" (q.v.) vs. the verb car- "do".

-da

suffix. product of an action

Derivations

• ✶-dā “product of an action”

Element in

• Q. carda “deed”
• Q. cenda “inspection, reading”
• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

-na

no longer part of verbal conjugation

-na (4), ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was "no longer part of verbal conjugation"; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives (sometimes nouns) rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn (cn), metathesis occurs to produce nt, (np >) mp, nc, as in nanca *"slain" for older ¤ndakna, or hampa "restrained, delayed, kept" vs. the root KHAP "retain, keep, detain". Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda "draught, the amount drunk" for older yulna (this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da [q.v.] denoting the result of a verbal action). The word *turúna "mastered" (q.v., only attested in elided form turún) would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- "master" (PE17:113), suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added.

carda

deed

carda noun "deed" (PE17:51). Cf. car #3. The word may contain the ending -da (q.v.) denoting the result of the corresponding verbal action.

carda

noun. deed

carda

noun. deed

Quenya noun for a “deed”, a combination of the verb car- “to do” and the verbal suffix -da used for the product of an action (PE17/51; PE22/152), thus literally “✱a thing done”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s of similar derivation (QL/45). In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as ᴹQ. kar (kard-), but this gloss was rejected and replaced by ᴹQ. kar “building” (Ety/KAR). The form karma “deed” also appeared in some later writings, but was rejected (PE22/138).

Cognates

• S. carth “deed”

Elements

Word	Gloss
car-	“to do, make, to do, make, [ᴹQ.] build”
-da	“product of an action”

Variations

• karda ✧ PE17/051; PE22/152
• karma ✧ PE22/138 (karma)

yulda

draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk

yulda noun "draught, something drunk, a drink, the amount drunk", pl. yuldar (Nam, PE17:63, 68, RGEO:66). See -da regarding etymology.

-r

suffix. motion to or towards a point, motion to or towards a point, *archaic allative

Derivations

• ✶-da “motion to or towards a point, allative suffix” ✧ WJ/366

Element in

• Q. öar “away from” ✧ WJ/366
• Q. var “*from, away to”

Variations

• -r ✧ WJ/366

suhto

draught

suhto noun "draught" (SUK)

car

deed

car (card-) (3) ("k")noun "deed" (rewritten >) "building, house" (KAR). Cf. carda.

carma

noun. deed

suith

noun. draught

carn

noun. deed

A Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited form garn within the word othgarn “misdeed” (PE17/151). The alternate form carth “deed” is perhaps better attested.

Element in

• S. othgarn “misdeed, misdeed, *sin” ✧ PE17/151

carth

noun. deed

Sindarin noun for a “deed”, attested only in its lenited plural form gerth within the word úgarth “trespass” (VT44/28), which probably more literally means “✱misdeed”. This word is not completely compatible with its Quenya cognate Q. carda “deed” from primitive ✶kardā, which in Sindarin should produce ✱cardh. Perhaps the Sindarin word had a slightly different primitive form ✱✶kartā. The expect form cardh might appear as an element in the variant form athragardh of S. athragared “interaction”.

Conceptual Development: Perhaps the earliest precursor of this word is G. carm “act, deed, exploit” in the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s (GL/25; PE13/111), cognate of contemporaneous ᴱQ. karma “shape, fashion; act, deed” (QL/45). In the Early Noldorin word lists from the 1920s, this word was revised to ᴱN. carbh “deed” (PE13/140), reflecting Tolkien’s changing conception of the phonetic development of final -m in Noldorin. In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the word appeared as N. carth or carð “deed” (cardh), but these forms were rejected and replaced by N. car(ð) “building” (Ety/KAR).

Cognates

• Q. carda “deed”

Element in

• ᴺS. carthas “activity”
• S. úgarth “trespass, *(lit.) misdeed” ✧ VT44/28

suith

draught

*suith (i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

suith

draught

(i huith, o suith), no distinct pl. form except with article (i suith). – Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” sûth.

yll

noun. draught

A neologism for “draught” coined by Ryszard Derdzinski in PPW (PPW) from the early 2000s, based on Q. yulda. I prefer ᴺS. suith “draught, a drink”, but ᴺS. yll might be preferable if you think Tolkien abandoned the root √SOK/SUK “drink”.

Cognates

• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup”

Derivations

• √YUL “drink”

Element in

• ᴺS. yllas “tea, *(lit.) drink of leaf”

cardh

deed

cardh (i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

cardh

deed

(i gardh, o chardh), pl. cerdh (i cherdh). Note: cardh may also mean "house, building".

úgarth

ill deed

(sin), pl. úgerth (VT44:23)

-da

suffix. motion to or towards a point, allative suffix

Derivatives

• Q. -r “motion to or towards a point, motion to or towards a point, *archaic allative” ✧ WJ/366

Element in

• ✶awā-da ✧ WJ/366
• ✶kasd(a) “to the head” ✧ PE21/76
• ✶mbard(a) “home, homeward” ✧ PE21/76
• ✶sidā̆ “hither” ✧ VT49/18
• ✶tad(a) “thither, thereto, to that” ✧ PE21/76; PE21/76
• ✶tald(a) “to the foot” ✧ PE21/76
• ᴺQ. ener(a) “on, onward, further”
• ᴺQ. esta “outwards”
• Q. endaquet- “to answer”
• ᴺS. mî “(to the) inside; into”
• ᴺS. sî “yet, hither(to), hereto”

Variations

• -dā̆ ✧ PE21/76; VT49/18
• -d ✧ PE21/76
• dā̆ ✧ PE21/79
• -ndā ✧ PE21/79

-dā

suffix. product of an action

Derivatives

• Q. -da “product of an action”

Element in

• ✶khabdā “pile, (artificial) mound”
• ✶mbarda ✧ PE17/106
• ✶mbazdā “baked or a baked thing” ✧ PE17/051; PE17/052
• ✶reddā “sown field, acre”
• ✶yuldā “what is drunk, a draught” ✧ PE17/106
• Q. carda “deed” ✧ PE17/051
• ᴺQ. malda “pulp, paste, mash, mush”
• ᴺQ. nista “thrust, push, shove”
• ᴺQ. quihta “shot, projectile (from a bow or a crossbow)”
• Q. yulda “drink, draught, thing drunk; cup” ✧ PE17/051; PE17/068
• ᴺS. ordh “boil, pus”

Variations

• dā ✧ PE17/052
• -da ✧ PE17/068
• -d ✧ PE19/090

sûth

noun. draught

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. suhto “draught, draught, *a single act of drinking” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

• ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√SUK > sûth	[suktu] > [sukto] > [suktʰo] > [suxθo] > [sūθo] > [sūθ]	✧ Ety/SUK

cardh

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed, feat

carth

noun. deed

Changes

• carth → carð “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. kar “deed” ✧ Ety/KAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAR > carth	[karta] > [kartʰa] > [karθa] > [karθ]	✧ Ety/KAR

Variations

• carð ✧ Ety/KAR (carð)