yestarë

proper name. first day of the year

The first day of the year in the calendar of Imladris, the Númenórean calendar and the Steward’s Reckoning (LotR/1108-9), a compound of yesta “beginning” and ré “day”.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the first day of the year was ᴹQ. Minyen (Ety/YEN), a combination of the root ᴹ√MIN, which had derivatives like ᴹQ. minya “first”, and ᴹQ. yén “year”. In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices from the 1940s, the first day of the year was initially given as ᴹQ. Vinyarië “Newyear’s Day” (PM/127), where its first element was ᴹQ. vinya “young, new”. Later in the drafts it was given as ᴹQ. Entare “Year’s beginning” (PM/134).

loëndë

year-middle

loëndë noun *"year-middle", the middle (183rd) day of the year, inserted between the months of Nárië and Cermië (June and July) in the Númenórean calendar and the Steward's Reckoning (Appendix D)

mettarë

proper name. last day of the year, *(lit.) end-day

The last day of the year in the calendar of Imladris and the Steward’s Reckoning (LotR/1108-9), a compound of metta “ending” and ré “day”.

Conceptual Development: In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices from the 1940s, the last day of the year was first given as ᴹQ. Qantarie “Day of Completion, Oldyear’s Day” (PM/127), where its first element was ᴹQ. qanta “full”. Later in the drafts it was given as ᴹQ. Mettare “Year’s end” (PM/134).

quantien

last day of year

quantien ("q") noun "last day of year" (YEN) or "full year" (VT46:23). The latter gloss also turns up in PM:quantien "full year" = yén, a period of 144 solar years (PM:126; pl. quantiéni, PM:127). Since the latter meaning comes from drafts for the LotR Appendices that did not make it into the published LotR, it is difficult to tell whether it is canonical.

yenya

last year

yenya noun (or adv.?) "last year" (YA)

yén

long year

yén noun, Elvish "long year" of 144 solar years, 52,596 days (Nam, Appendix D, E; RGEO:66. Tolkien earlier defined yén_ as 100 solar years; see PM:126. In the Etymologies, stem YEN, it seems to mean simply "year", but in the LotR Appendices the word for "year" instead appears as _loa or coranar, q.v.) Yénonótië "reckoning of years" (MR:51). Pl. yéni in Nam and Etym, entry YEN though the plural form is misread as "yen-" in the printed version of the Etymologies, cf. VT46:23. Yéni pa yéni "years upon years" (VT44:36). Pl. genitive yénion in yénion yéni "ages of ages" (VT44:36)

loëndë

noun. mid-year (Númenórean calendar), *(lit.) year-middle

löa

noun. (seasonal) year, (lit.) (time of) growth, blooming

yén

noun. Elvish long year (144 solar years)

elloa

adverb. next year

olmen

noun. growth-year

si loa

adverb. this year

umbë nin i hríve nauva urra (si loa)

I have a feeling that winter will be bad (this year)

illöa(va)

adverb/adjective. annual, yearly, per annum (year as item)

@@@ by Röandil on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) on 2023-04-12, i.e. "a yearly festival", cf. ilaurëa “daily”

qualöa(va)

adverb/adjective. annual, yearly, perennial (year as whole)

@@@ by Röandil on the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) on 2023-04-12, i.e. "yearly income"

löacasta

noun. season, (lit.) year-quarter

löasta

noun. season, (lit.) year-part

Cermië

july

Cermië noun seventh month of the year, "July" (Appendix D)

Hísimë

november

Hísimë (þ) noun, eleventh month of the year, "November" (Appendix D, SA:hîth). The Quenya word seems to mean "Misty One".

Narquelië

october

Narquelië noun tenth month of the year, "October" (Appendix D); the word seems to mean "Fire-waning", "Sun-waning". Compare narquelion ("q"), q.v.

Narvinyë

january

Narvinyë noun first month of the year, "January". The word seems to mean "New Fire/Sun". (Appendix D)

Nárië

june

Nárië noun sixth month of the year, "June" (Appendix D); derived from the stem (a)nar- having to do with fire or sun.

Nénimë

february

Nénimë noun second month of the year, "February" (Appendix D)

Ringarë

december

Ringarë noun, the twelfth and last month of the year, "December" (Appendix D, SA:ring); the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".

Súlimë

march

Súlimë noun, third month of the year, "March". The word apparently means *"windy one" (Appendix D; SA:sûl; not capitalized in the latter source). Early "Qenya" has súlimë "wind" (LT1:266)

Víressë

april

Víressë noun, fourth month of the year, "April" (Appendix D). The Quenya name is apparently related to words for youth and freshness; compare vírië, virya.

Yavannië

september

Yavannië noun, name of the ninth month of the year, "September" (Appendix D, SA:yávë)

asta

month

asta (1) noun "month", a division of the year (VT42:20). Pl. astar is attested (Appendix D). According to VT48:11, the basic meaning of asta is "division, a part", especially one of other equal parts: "of the year, a month or period". According to VT48:19, asta is also used in Quenya as a group suffix (see quentasta).

haranyë

century

haranyë noun, last year of a century in the Númenórean calendar (or possibly the word for "century" itself; Tolkien's wording is unclear) (Appendix D)

loa

growth

loa, noun literally "growth", used of a solar year (= coranar) when seasonal changes are considered (Appendix D; in PM:126 loa is translated "time of growth". Pl. loar, or "löar", in MR:426) The form loa is also mentioned as the hypothetical Quenya cognate of Sindarin lô ("swampy"), but precisely because it clashed with loa "year", this Quenya cognate was not in use (VT42:10)

atyenárë

noun. anniversary

Ae

day

Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)

Amillion

february

Amillion noun "February" (LT1:249; LotR-style Quenya has Nénimë)

Calainis

may

Calainis _("k")_noun "May" (LT1:252, 254; in Tolkien's later Quenya Lótessë)

ala

day

[ala (7) noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted (allen = al'nen) and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]

anda

long

anda adj. "long" (ÁNAD/ANDA), "far" (PE17:90).In Andafangar noun "Longbeards", one of the tribes of the Dwarves (= Khuzdul Sigin-tarâg and Sindarin Anfangrim) (PM:320). Compare Andafalassë, #andamacil, andamunda, andanéya, andatehta, Anduinë. Apparently derived from the adj. anda is andavë "long" as adverb ("at great length", PE17:102), suggesting that the ending -vë can be used to derive adverbs from adjectives (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308)

andavë

long, at great length

andavë adv. "long, at great length" (PE17:102); see anda

ando

long

ando (2) adv. "long"; maybe replaced by andavë; see anda (VT14:5)

ar

day

ar (2) noun "day" (PE17:148), apparently short for árë, occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ré), q.v.

avestalis

january

avestalis noun "January" (LT1:252; LotR-style Quenya has Narvinyë)

cermië

noun. July

métima

last

métima adj. "last" (Markirya), in Markirya also twice métim', since the following words (auressë, andúnë) begin in an a.

oilima

last

oilima adj."last" (MC:213, 214; this is "Qenya"), inflected or lengthened form oilimain "last (pl.)" (MC:221), oilimaisen "(MC:221), oilimaite "last" (MC:214, 221)

olea

adjective. growing, living (of plants etc)

olmië

noun. growth

A word for “growth” in various notes on Elvish maturation from 1959, an abstract noun based on √OL “grow” (NM/84, 119). More specifically, it referred to the early period or process of life where one was actively growing, as opposed to later life after one had reached maturity: coivië.

ré

day

ré noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day, daylight) and lómë "night" (VT49:45). Short -rë in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna (VT49:45).

sóra

long, trailing

sóra adj. "long, trailing" (LT2:344)

telda

last, final

telda (1) adj. "last, final" (WJ:407)

telu

adjective. last, last; end (fate), close

An apparently adjectival element in the name Telufinwë meaning “last”.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. telu was a noun meaning “end, close” (QL/91). In the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa it was glossed “end (fate)” (PME/91).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would use this element only in compounds since it is not clear what its independent singular or plural forms would be (telo, telwi?). For the ordinary adjective, I’d use métima or telda.

árë

day

árë noun "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Stem ári- _(PE17:126, where the word is further defined as "warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight"). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E)_. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)

olasta

noun. growth

în

noun. year

A Sindarin word for “year”, derived from the primitive root ᴹ√YEN of similar meaning, with its vowel sound the result of [[s|a long [ē] becoming [ī]]].

Conceptual Development: The word în first appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s with the gloss and derivation given above. It did not directly appear in Tolkien’s later writings, but was an element in several later words such as S. ínias “annals” and S. ifant “aged” (lit. “year full”). Furthermore, its Quenya cognate yén did reappear in the Lord of the Rings appendices.

In The Etymologies, both N. în and ᴹQ. yén were glossed “year”, and there were other words for longer periods of time, such as ᴹQ. qantien “century, (lit.) full year” and N. anrand “cycle, age”. In the Lord of the Rings and other later writings, Tolkien changed the meaning Q. yén to an “Elvish century” of 144 years. It is quite likely that S. în also changed to this meaning, but since it did not appear as an independent word in later writing, we have no direct confirmation of this.

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers continue to use în with the sense “year” (that is, a solar year of 365 days). If you are concerned with this word’s true meaning, you might instead use a neologism for this period of time, such as ᴺS. lóran or ᴺS. coranor, but since these are not in widespread use, it is less likely a reader would understand your meaning.

idhrinn

noun. year

ifant Reconstructed

adjective. *aged, [N.] aged, having lived long, (lit.) year-full

penninor

noun. last day of the year

în

year

1. în, no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ?íniath. 2) idhrinn (no distinct pl. form). LONG YEAR (Valian year) ennin. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

idhrinn

year

(no distinct pl. form).

în

year

no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ?íniath.

coranor

noun. solar year, (lit.) sun-round

iestor

noun. first day of the new year

lóran

noun. seasonal year, (lit.) growth-cycle

penninor

noun. full year (last day of year), *new year’s eve

ennin

long year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

ennin

valian year

. No distinct pl. form, but coll. pl. enniniath.

idhrinn

noun. year, *(lit.) year-circle

ingem

year-sick

(pl. ingim)

ingem

year-sick

(suffering from old age) ingem (pl. ingim)

ingem

year-sick

(suffering from old age) ingem (pl. ingim)

iphant

year-full

L” (old) iphant (aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

year-full

(aged, long-lived), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

penninor

last day of the year

(i benninor, o phenninor), pl. penninoer (i phenninoer). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” penninar (LR:400 s.v. YEN).

penninor

last day of the year

*penninor (i benninor, o phenninor), pl. penninoer (i phenninoer). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” penninar (LR:400 s.v. YEN).

iphant

aged

iphant (long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

iphant

aged

(long-lived, litearally ”year-full”), pl. iphaint. The spelling used in the source is ”ifant” (LR:400 s.v. YEN), but since the f arises from earlier (n > m +) p via nasal mutation, it should be written ph according to the spelling conventions described in LotR Appendix E.

anann

adverb. long, for a long time

anann

adverb. long

adv. long. Cuio i Pheriain anann 'May the Halflings live long'.

and

adjective. long

and

adjective. long

adj. long. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'. >> ann

and

adjective. long

The Sindarin word for “long”, appearing as both and and ann, derived from primitive ✶andā based on the root √ANAD (PE17/12, 40, 90, 121; VT42/28). The Etymologies of the 1930s had N. ann “long” of the same derivation (Ety/ÁNAD).

Possible Pronunciation: In one note from the mid-1960s Tolkien said “S †ann- only preserved in certain compounds, owing to competition with ann (< annā) ‘gift’, and ann(on) ‘gate’, of different origin” (PE17/90) and in a note from 1959 Tolkien said “S ann/and rare except in old words or names as anduin” (PE17/40). Despite these claims of rarity, and/and appears in a very large number of compounds, far more than ann “gift”.

One way of resolving this ambiguity is to assume the normal pronunciation of this as a standalone word is and rather than ann, in keeping with the notion that the sound “remained nd at the end of fully accented monosyllables” in Sindarin (LotR/1115). The reduction an(n) would then only occur in compounds like anann “for long” and Anfang “long beard”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. {indra >>} in(d)ra “long (also used of time)” based on primitive ᴱ√ṇdr (GL/51).

ann

adjective. long

adj. long. Rare except in old names (e.g. Anduin). >> and

ann

adjective. long

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

cerveth

noun. july (month)

cerveth

noun. July

echuir

noun. a season, the beginning of spring

edinor

noun. anniversary day

ethuil

noun. season of spring

firith

noun. season of fading

girithron

noun. december (month)

gwaeron

noun. march (month)

gwirith

noun. april (month)

iavas

noun. season of autumn

iphant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

ivanneth

noun. september (month)

laer

noun. season of summer

lasbelin

noun. season of autumn

lothron

noun. the month of May

medui

adjective. last

meth

noun/adjective. last, last; [N.] end

The noun N. meth “end” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶metta under the root ᴹ√MET of the same meaning and followed by an adjective form N. methen that was also glossed “end” (Ety/MET). It reappeared as an element in the name Rochon Methestel “Rider of the Last Hope” (UT/313). It is therefore possible that meth shifted from a noun to an adjective, but its Quenya equivalent metta “ending, end” remained a noun in Tolkien’s later writings.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would avoid meth as an independent word, and would use the unambiguous noun form methed and adjective forms medui or [N.] methen. If you do use meth, I recommend using it as a noun.

narbeleth

noun. october (month)

narwain

noun. the month of January

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

anann

long

(adverb, = "for a long time") anann

anann

long

and

long

(adjective) and (pl. aind),

and

long

(pl. aind)

andaith

long mark

(no distinct pl. form). The word refers to an accent-like mark used to indicate long vowels in Tengwar modes that employ separate vowel letters, like the Mode of Beleriand.

anfang

longbeard

pl. Enfeng, coll. pl. Anfangrim (WJ:10, 108, 205)

angerthas

long rune-row

(and + certhas).

annabon

long-snouted one

pl. ennebyn, coll. pl. annabonnath. (Archaic form andabon.)

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

brona

last

(verb) 1) brona- (survive) (i vrona, i mronar), 2) dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, endure) (VT45:8)

brona

last

(survive) (i vrona, i mronar)

brûn

long endured/established/in use

(old), lenited vrûn, pl. bruin;

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

cerveth

july

Cerveth (na Gerveth, o Cherveth), also Cadlaer

cerveth

july

(na Gerveth, o Cherveth), also Cadlaer

dartha

last

(i dhartha, i narthar) (stay, wait, remain, endure) (VT45:8)

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

galas

growth

galas (i **alas) (plant), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. galassath**

galas

growth

(i ’alas) (plant), pl. gelais (i ngelais = i ñelais), coll. pl. galassath

gem

sickly

(lenited ’em, pl. gim).

girithron

december

Girithron (na **Irithron**)

girithron

december

(na ’Irithron)

gwaeron

march

Gwaeron (na **Waeron**)

gwaeron

march

(na ’Waeron)

gwirith

april

Gwirith (na **Wirith**)

gwirith

april

(na ’Wirith)

hithui

november

Hithui

hithui

november

ivanneth

september

Ivanneth

ivanneth

september

lhaew

sick, sickly

*lhaew (ill), lenited ?thlaew or ?laew (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thloew, flaew.

lhaew

sick, sickly

(ill), lenited ?thlaew or ?laew (the lenition product of lh is uncertain); no distinct pl. form. Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” thloew, flaew.

lothron

may

Lothron

lothron

may

medui

last

(adjective) 1) medui (lenited vedui; no distinct pl. form), 2) meth (lenited veth, pl. mith). Note: the word is also used as a noun ”end”.

medui

last

(lenited vedui; no distinct pl. form)

meth

last

(lenited veth, pl. mith). Note: the word is also used as a noun ”end”.

narbeleth

october

Narbeleth

narbeleth

october

narwain

january

Narwain

narwain

january

nínui

february

Nínui

nínui

february

nórui

june

Nórui

nórui

june

ranoth

noun. month

taen

thin

(lenited daen, no distinct pl. form). Note: a homophone means ”height, summit of high mountain”.

urui

august

Urui

urui

august

în

noun. year

idhrin

noun. year

idhrind

noun. year

în

noun. year

ennin

noun. Valian year

idhrin

noun. year, *(lit.) year-circle

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, (lit.) year-full

ingem

adjective. old (in mortal sense), suffering from old age, decrepit, (lit.) year-sick

penninar

noun. full year (last day of year)

ennin

noun. Valian year

penninar

noun. last day of the year

ar-

prefix. day

ann

adjective. long

anann

adverb. long

ann

adjective. long

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

brona-

verb. to last, to survive

cerfeth

noun. July

edinar

noun. anniversary day

galas

noun. growth, plant

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

lhasbelin

noun. season of autumn

narbeleth

noun. October

nerwinien

noun. January

taen

adjective. long (and thin)

ʒandā

adjective. long

anda

adjective. long

sigin Reconstructed

adjective. long