ya

pronoun. relative pronoun

yavanna

feminine name. Yavanna

yain tavárin lilyen marden

yain tavárin lilyen marden

yarendl

masculine name. Yarendl

ya(n)

conjunction. and

The usual word for “and” in the 1910s was ᴱQ. ya(n) (PE15/69, VT40/8). It was derived from the early root ᴱ√YA (or possibly ᴱ√(D)YṆTṆ) in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/104-105). In his later writings, the usual word for “and” was Q. ar, but something like ya(n) survived in the “dual” conjunction yo “both ... and”.

yanda

adjective. dark, gloomy

An adjective in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “dark, gloomy”, a derivative of the early root ᴱ√YAÐA (QL/105).

yara

noun. a gloom, blight, lowering darkness

This word appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as ᴱQ. yara “a gloom, blight, lowering darkness” under the early root ᴱ√YAÐA (QL/105). In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, an alternate form yaru appeared as a cognate of G. gath “gloom, blight” (GL/37), and in an early name list yáru was the final element in ᴱQ. Fuiyáru “deadly nightshade” (PE15/14).

yava-

verb. to bear fruit

A verb appearing in the form ᴱQ. yavin “bears fruit” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ẎAVA having to do with fruit (QL/105).

Neo-Quenya: Since ᴹ√YAB “fruit” survived in Tolkien’s later writings, I think ᴺQ. yav- “to bear (fruit), ✱yield, bring forth, produce” can be retained for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

yaim-

verb. to possess

A Qenya verb mentioned a couple times in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as related to either G. guira- “possess” or G. gaithi “he had” as a past form of gôtha- “possess, have, hold” (GL/42-43).

yaima

noun. implement

A word for “implement” mentioned in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s whose ancient form influenced G. gaig “weapon, tool” (GL/37). It is probably related to ᴱQ. {yakse >>} yaisa “steel” (GL/37; QL/105).

yak(k)o

noun. ox

A noun for “ox” appearing in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants yakko and yako, derived from the early root ᴱ√Ẏak “a head of cattle” (QL/105). In the contemporaneous Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa Tolkien had yakk- “ox” (PME/105). In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, the word for “ox” was also yakko (PE16/132).

yaksi

noun. cow

The noun ᴱQ. yaksi “cow” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√Ẏak “a head of cattle” (QL/105). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon also had ᴱQ. yaksi, but this form was deleted and ᴱQ. yakse was given as the cognate of G. gach “milch cow” (GL/36).

Conceptual Development: In Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, the word for “cow” was ᴱQ. mui (PE16/132), likely related to G. mûs “cow” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s which had a deleted variant {mui} (GL/58). This probable relationship was suggested by Patrick Wynne and Christopher Gilson (PE16/132).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. yaxë from the Neo-Root ᴺ√GYAK; Helge Fauskanger used this word for “cow” in his NQNT (NQNT).

yalka

noun. ice

A noun for “ice” in the Qenya Lexicon under the early root ᴱ√ẎALA “ring, sound hollow” (QL/105). Elsewhere in the Qenya Lexicon Tolkien contrasted it with ᴱQ. helke “ice” (QL/39), and in later writings Tolkien retained helke and seems to have abandoned yalka.

yanta

adjective. joined

An adjective appearing in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s as ᴱQ. yanta “joined” (PE16/142) likely based on the early root ᴱ√ẎATA “join” (QL/105).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would update this to ᴺQ. yantaina “joined” as a passive participle of ᴺQ. yanta- “to join”.

yausta

noun. crop

A word appearing as ᴱQ. yausta “crop” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√ẎAVA having to do with fruit (QL/105).

Neo-Quenya: Since ᴹ√YAB “fruit” survived in Tolkien’s later writings, I think ᴺQ. yausta “crop” can be retained for purposes of Neo-Quenya.

yava-

verb. to hold

A verb for “hold” in Early Quenya word lists of the 1920s (PE16/133). It is of unclear derivation, but possibly related to ᴱQ. yavin “bears fruit” as suggested by Patrick Wynne and Christopher Gilson.

yando

adverb. also

ya qensie melmur ne iksa telpe rautanéma

by whom we were told his money had all been stolen from him

yakse

noun. steel

yalle

noun. a hollow ring

yalta

noun. yoke

yama-

verb. to shout, call

yambo

noun. cheer, shout of triumph

yanta

adjective. large

yanta-

verb. to add to, enlarge, increase, augment

yar i vilya anta miqilis

to whom the air gives kisses

yarta

noun. yoke

yatta

noun. neck; isthmus

yaima-

verb. to possess

yaisa

noun. steel

yakse

noun. cow

yaksina

adjective. of steel

yalte

noun. yoke

yan

conjunction. when

yantya-

verb. to add to, augment

yanwa

noun. goose

yarendila

adjective. like a sailor

yarendilyon

noun. sailor

yaru

noun. gloom, blight

yat

noun. neck; isthmus

yaule

noun. cat

-tya

suffix. causative

mauya-

verb. to cry

tanya

adjective. that

yáme

adjective. yawning

akse

noun. steel

A word appearing as ᴱQ. akse “steel” in the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s (PE15/77), also appearing in its partitive form aksínen “of steel” in the Early Qenya Grammar of this same period (PE14/48, 81). Based on its partitive form as well as its adjective form ᴱQ. aksína, I believe its stem form would be aksi-.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s it was ᴱQ. Y̯akse “steel” (QL/105), while in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon it was {yakse >>} yaisa “steel” (GL/37).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would stick with ᴺQ. axë (axi-) “steel” based on the Neo-Root ᴺ√GAK. This “steel” word does conflict with the later word Q. axë “neck” (PE17/92), but I think a stem form of axi- makes it sufficiently distinct. However, if you are uncomfortable with this, the later word tornanga “hard-iron” might also be used for “steel” (PE17/56).

ere-

verb. to go

A deleted verb in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s with present form ere “goes” and past tense erne “went”, perhaps based on the early root ᴱ√ERE [EÐE] “out” as suggested by the editors (PE16/133).

lotarwa

noun. garden

A word in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “garden” based on lōtetarwa, a combination of ᴱQ. lóte “flower” and ᴱQ. tarwa “garden” (QL/55).

Neo-Quenya: Since Q. lótë “flower” survives in Tolkien’s later writing and I retain ᴺQ. tarwa for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. lotarwa as well, but with the more specific sense “[flower] garden”.

silkesse

noun. harvest

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. silkesse “harvest” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√SḶKḶ that was also the basis for “grass” words (QL/84).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s updated this root to ᴹ√SALAK+wē for “grass” words (Ety/SALÁK), so I think this Early Qenya word can be updated to ᴺQ. salcessë “harvest”. I would assume this word refers to the product of a harvest = “✱produce”, as opposed to yávië which is the time or act of harvesting.

tie-

verb. to go

A deleted verb in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s, probably related to ᴱQ. tie “path” and the early root ᴱ√TEHE as suggested by the editors (PE16/133).

vísi

noun. blood

A noun appearing as vísi- “blood” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√VIKI or ᴱ√VIT͡YI (QL/60). Its form might be explained by the Early Qenya sound changes ti > tsi > si (PE12/23).

ne

conjunction. that

yáva

noun. fruit, produce

anta-

verb. to give

man

pronoun. who

sanda

adjective. that

yáma

noun. shout; call; name

yávan

noun. harvest, autumn

-víke

suffix. as

aire

adjective. old

anga

noun. iron

fan

noun. dog

hari

noun. blood

helke

noun. ice

hen

noun. eye

hesin

noun. winter

holle

noun. shout

huan

noun. dog

@@@ reflects older sw- > hu-

meoi

noun. cat

mui

noun. cow

narqelion

noun. Autumn

nurru

noun. growl

ohta-

verb. to shout

penda

noun. bridge

qaina

adjective. wailing

santo

pronoun. that

silde

noun. daughter

sinda

noun. eye

sui

noun. daughter

taruku

noun. ox

tongo

noun. iron

yelin

noun. winter

yelwa

adjective. cold

óta-

verb. to shout

úmea

adjective. large