Quenya 

ohta

noun. war

war, hostility

Quenya [PE 18:85n, 87] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ohta

war

ohta noun "war" (OKTA, KOT > KOTH). In the pre-classical Tengwar system presupposed in the Etymologies, ohta was also the name of tengwa #15 (VT46:7), but Tolkien would later call this letter anca instead changing its value from ht to nc.

ohta

noun. war

Quenya [PE 22:161] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

ohta

noun. war

Derivations

  • ✶oktā “war, hostility, strife” ✧ PE18/085
    • √KOT “hate; be wroth, quarrel, be wroth, quarrel, [ᴹ√]strive; [√] hate” ✧ PE18/085; PE18/087; PE18/087

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
✶ok(h)ta > ohta[okʰta] > [oktʰa] > [okta] > [oxta]✧ PE18/085
Quenya [PE18/085; PE22/161] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ostirion

fort

ostirion noun "fort" (TI:423)

osto

noun. city

Quenya [PE 22:124] Group: Mellonath Daeron. Published by

arta

fort, fortress

arta (2) noun "fort, fortress" (GARAT under 3AR)

minassë

fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower

minassë noun "fort, city, with a citadel and central watch-tower" (VT42:24)

Sindarin 

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

Sindarin [Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

Sindarin [Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232] Group: SINDICT. Published by

glaw

noun. sunshine, sunshine; [N.] radiance

A word (or word element) appearing in linguistic notes from the late 1950s as glaw- “sunshine”, a derivative of the root √LAW (PE17/159). A similar word N. glaw “radiance” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s, but this word was derived from primitive ᴹ✶g’lā based on the root ᴹ√GAL, a Noldorin-only variant of the root ᴹ√KAL “shine” (Ety/KAL).

Conceptual Development: Possible earlier precursors to this word include ᴱN. glarw “ray, radiance” from Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/144) and G. glaros “glare, blaze, splendour” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/39), the latter probably related to the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44); see that entry for discussion.

Derivations

  • √LAW “flourish (green), grow, flourish (green), grow, [ᴹ√] abound; warm” ✧ PE17/159

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√LAW > glaw-[glaw] > [glau]✧ PE17/159

Variations

  • glaw- ✧ PE17/159
Sindarin [PE17/159] Group: Eldamo. Published by

glaw-

prefix. sunshine

_ pref. _sunshine.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:159] < LAW, LAWAR. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

dagra

make war

(do battle) (i nagra, i ndagrar), also dagrada- (i nagrada, i ndagradar)

ost

city

ost (pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ost

city

(pl. yst) (city/town with wall around).

ost

stronghold

(fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

ost

fort, fortress

(city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

othronn

underground city or stronghold

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

othronn

underground stronghold or city

(pl. ethrynn for archaic öthrynn) (fortress in a cave or caves). Cited in archaic form othrond in the sources (WJ:414, VT46:12)

auth

war

auth (battle), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "dim shape, apparition".

auth

war

(battle), pl. oeth, coll. pl. othath. Note: a homophone means "dim shape, apparition".

barad

fort, fortress

(fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

garth

fort, fortress

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

garth

stronghold

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (fortress, city), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (fortress with a watchtower), Othram** ”fortress-wall” (WR:288).

garth

stronghold

(i ’arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth)

garth

fort, fortress

1) garth (i **arth) (stronghold), pl. gerth (i ngerth = i ñerth), 2) ost (city, stronghold), pl. yst (WJ:414). The word may appear as os- or oth- before certain consonants in compounds, e.g. Osgiliath ”Citadel (Fortress) of the Stars” (LotR), ostirion (q.v.), Othram ”fortress-wall” (WR:288). 3) barad (fortress, tower) (i varad), pl. beraid (i meraid). Note: barad** is also an adjective "doomed", but this is derived from a stem in mb- and would have different mutations.

ostirion

fortress with a watchtower

(pl. ostiryn).

Adûnaic

kadar

noun. city

A noun appearing only as an element in kadar-lâi “city folk” (SD/435).

Element in

azga Reconstructed

noun. war

A hypothetical noun for “war” appearing as an element in the verb azgarâ- “to wage war”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne (VSH/24), though as others have suggested (AL/Adûnaic, EotAL/ZAG’R) it could equally well be azgar.

Element in

Noldorin 

ost

noun. city, town with wall round

Noldorin [Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ost

noun. citadel, fortress or stronghold, made or strenghtened by art

Noldorin [Ety/379, S/435, WJ/414, RC/232] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ost

noun. city, town (with wall round)

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. osto “city, town with wall round, fort” ✧ Ety/OS

Derivations

  • ᴹ√OS “round, about” ✧ Ety/OS

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√OS > ost[osto] > [ost]✧ Ety/OS

Variations

  • osse ✧ EtyAC/OS (osse)
  • Ost ✧ TI/424 (Ost)
Noldorin [Ety/LOD; Ety/OS; Ety/RAT; EtyAC/OS; TI/424; WR/288] Group: Eldamo. Published by

auth

noun. war, battle

Noldorin [Ety/365, Ety/379, VT/45:23] Group: SINDICT. Published by

garth

noun. fort, fortress

Noldorin [Ety/360] Group: SINDICT. Published by

garth

noun. fort, fortress

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. arta “fort, fortress” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GARAT “*defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR
    • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR
  • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/GAR

Element in

  • N. Garthoren “Fenced Fort” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR (Gardol); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)óren); EtyAC/GAR (Garth(th)oren/Garthorn)

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√GARAT > garth[garta] > [gartʰa] > [garθa] > [garθ]✧ Ety/ƷARGARAT
Noldorin [Ety/ƷAR|GARAT; EtyAC/GAR] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

ohta

noun. war

Cognates

  • N. auth “war, battle” ✧ Ety/KOT; Ety/OKTĀ
  • Ilk. oth “war” ✧ Ety/OKTĀ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶oktā “strife, war” ✧ Ety/KOT; Ety/OKTĀ; PE19/055
    • ᴹ√KOT(H) “quarrel, strive, be wroth” ✧ Ety/KOT; Ety/OKTĀ; PE18/038; PE18/062

Element in

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶oktā > ohta[oktā] > [oxtā] > [oxta]✧ Ety/KOT
ᴹ✶OKTĀ > ohta[oktā] > [oxtā] > [oxta]✧ Ety/OKTĀ
ᴹ✶òkotā́ > okǝtā > oktā́ > ohta[okotā] > [oktā] > [oxtā] > [oxta]✧ PE19/055
Qenya [Ety/KOT; Ety/OKTĀ; EtyAC/OKTĀ; LR/047; LR/056; PE19/055; PE22/020; PE22/022; PE22/044; PE22/051; SD/246; SD/310] Group: Eldamo. Published by

ostirion

noun. fort

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
osto“city, town with wall round, fort”
tirion“watch-tower, tower”

Variations

  • Ostirion ✧ TI/423

arta

noun. fort, fortress

Cognates

  • N. garth “fort, fortress” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT

Derivations

  • ᴹ√GARAT “*defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR|GARAT
    • ᴹ√GAR “keep, hold, possess; maintain, defend” ✧ Ety/ƷAR; EtyAC/GAR

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√GARAT > arta[garta] > [ɣarta] > [arta]✧ Ety/ƷARGARAT
Qenya [Ety/ƷAR|GARAT] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Doriathrin

oth

noun. war

A noun for “war” derived from primitive ᴹ✶oktā (Ety/OKTĀ). It is a good example of how double spirants became single in Ilkorin, in this case [kt] > [xθ] (or [θθ]) > [θ].

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. ohta “war” ✧ Ety/OKTĀ

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶oktā “strife, war” ✧ Ety/OKTĀ
    • ᴹ√KOT(H) “quarrel, strive, be wroth” ✧ Ety/KOT; Ety/OKTĀ; PE18/038; PE18/062

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶OKTĀ > oth[oktā] > [okta] > [oxθa] > [oθa] > [oθ]✧ Ety/OKTĀ
Doriathrin [Ety/OKTĀ] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

oth

root. fort

Middle Primitive Elvish [EtyAC/OS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

os

root. round, about

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “round, about”, with various derivatives like N. o “about, concerning” and ᴹQ. osto/N. ost “city, town with wall round” (Ety/OS). Tolkien also considered variant forms ᴹ√OD and ᴹ√OTH, the latter glossed “fort” (EtyAC/OS). This root in The Etymologies is a later iteration of unglossed ᴱ√OSO [’OSO] from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. ossa “wall and moat” and ᴱQ. ostar “township” (QL/71). It also had derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. ost “enclosure, yard; town” and G. osta- “to surround with walls, build up; fortify, protect” (GL/63). This early root probably meant something like “✱enclosure”.

In the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60, Q. osto and S. ost were instead derived from the root √SOT “shelter, protect, defend”, but this root has no other derivatives.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, ᴹ√OS “round, about” is too useful to discard, and I prefer it over the later root √SOT, though √(O)S-OT might be salvaged as an extension of √OS.

Derivatives

  • ᴺQ. os “around, about, round”
  • ᴹQ. osto “city, town with wall round, fort” ✧ Ety/OS
  • N. o “about, concerning” ✧ Ety/OS
  • N. os- “about” ✧ Ety/OS
  • N. ost “city, town (with wall round)” ✧ Ety/OS
  • ᴺS. osta- “to surround with walls, build up, fortify, protect; to surround”
  • ᴺS. ostor “enclosure, circuit of walls, *town wall”
  • N. othrond “underground city, fortress” ✧ Ety/ROD

Element in

  • ᴺQ. ospor “chaff”
  • ᴺQ. osquetië “context”
  • ᴺQ. ostec- “to describe”
  • N. Belegost “Great Fortress, Great City” ✧ Ety/BEL
  • N. Gondost “Gondolin” ✧ Ety/GOND
  • N. Nargothrond “fortress of Narog” ✧ Ety/NÁRAK
  • ᴺS. ostol- “to circumnavigate, come around”

Variations

  • OD ✧ EtyAC/OS
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/BEL; Ety/GOND; Ety/NÁRAK; Ety/OS; Ety/ROD; EtyAC/OS] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

oth

pronoun. ye

Variations

  • os ✧ GL/63

oth(a)

masculine name. Oth(a)

Cognates

  • Eq. Osse “God of Sea” ✧ GL/18; GL/61; GL/63; PE15/08; LT1A/Ossë

Variations

  • Otha ✧ GL/18; GL/61; GL/63; LT1A/Ossë; PE15/08
  • Oth ✧ GL/18; LT1A/Ossë
Gnomish [GL/18; GL/61; GL/63; LT1A/Ossë; PE15/08] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Noldorin

ost

noun. city

Element in

  • En. uvost “without a town” ✧ PE13/155 (uvost)
Early Noldorin [PE13/152; PE13/155] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Early Quenya

ohta

noun. war

Cognates

  • En. oith “feud” ✧ PE13/151; PE13/164

Element in

  • Eq. karo ohtan “a deed of (some actual) war” ✧ PE14/045; PE14/075
  • Eq. ohtar “warrior” ✧ PE15/78
  • Eq. ohta·karo “warlike deed, hostile unfriendly act(ion)” ✧ PE14/045; PE14/075
  • Eq. Teler-’ohta “*Sea-elf War” ✧ PE14/109
Early Quenya [PE13/151; PE13/164; PE14/045; PE14/075; PE14/109; PE15/78] Group: Eldamo. Published by

kor

noun. war

Derivations

  • ᴱ√GOÞO “strive; angry” ✧ QL/048

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴱ√KOSO > kŏr[kos] > [kor]✧ QL/048

Variations

  • kŏr ✧ QL/048
Early Quenya [PME/048; QL/048] Group: Eldamo. Published by