hya

or

hya conj. "or" or noun "other thing" (VT49:14)

hya

conjunction. or

hya

pronoun. other thing

hyana

other

hyana adj. "other", cf. hya (VT49:14)

hyana

adjective. other

epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen

consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations

Second phrase @@@

| |  I  | II |III|IV|  V  |VI|VII| |{tánen >> ta >> etta >>}|potai| |etta [>> potai]|epetai| |hyarmen|i hyarma| |láne|aune|láne|ú téna|>> ú ten| |“sinister”|ulca| | |{khe >> hela >>} hya úmara| | |{símasse >>}|símaryasse|símaryassen|

hela

or

hela conj. "or", apparently an ephemeral form, replaced by hya (VT49:14-15). The editor theorizes that hela literally meant "other than" (VT49:15)

tar-

verb. to stand

The root √TAR is translated “stand” in notes from around 1967 (PE17/186), and its past form tarne “stood” appears in a sentence from the same document: sanome tarne Olórin, Aracorno... “there stood Gandalf, Aragorn...” (PE17/71).

Conceptual Development: Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s had ᴱQ. hyā- “stand” (PE16/132). The Quenya Verbal System (QVS) of 1948 had a past form ᴹQ. tolle “stood” (PE22/117) and an inceptive verb ᴹQ. tolu- “stand up” (PE22/114) clearly based on ᴹ√TOL (Ety/TOL²), but later in the same document had ᴹQ. thar- “stand” based on the root ᴹ√THAR (PE22/126), probably a precursor to later tar- “stand” < √TAR.

var

or

var (1) conj. "or" (QL:100). In Tolkiens later Quenya, the word hya appears for "or". A phrase involving a double var…var may mean "either…or" in one early (untranslated) text, according to Christopher Gilsons interpretation (PE15:32, 39)

exa

other

exa adj.? "other" (apparently as adjective) (VT47:10, VT49:33). Also eces ("k"), unless this is intended as the stem underlying exa (the root KES with prefixed stem-vowel) rather than a Quenya word (VT49:33).

exa

adjective. other

ecar

conjunction. or

herca

conjunction. or

tyul-

verb. to stand

A neologism coined by Alex Grigny de Castro in PPQ (PPQ) from the early 2000s, based on the root ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight)”, along with an intransitive variant ᴺQ. tyulya- and a transitive form ᴺQ. tyulta- (inspired by ᴱQ. tyulta-) suggested by Helge Fauskanger. I’d stick to attested tar- instead for “stand (intr.)”, which was published in 2007.

khyā̆

pronoun. other thing

khyana

adjective. other

khy-

root. other

Tolkien used a variety of different roots for “otherness” and “or” throughout his life. The earliest of these was ᴱ√VARA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but with derivatives like ᴱQ. vára “other”, ᴱQ. var “or”, ᴱQ. varya “different” and ᴱQ. varimo “foreigner” (QL/100). Similar words in the Gnomish lexicon such as G. far(o)n “separate, different, strange” and G. faronwed “foreign” seem to be based on a distinct but possibly related root, apparently being derived from G. far- “separate, sever, divide” (GL/34). The Gnomish words for “otherness” seem to be based on the (hypothetical) root ✱ᴱ√ELE, such as G. el “or” and G. eleg “other, else” (GL/32); see the entry on ✱ᴱ√ELE for further discussion.

In the Early Qenya Grammar, the “other” words were based on ᴱQ. etya (comparative) and ᴱQ. nyanya (general), but these words were on a page of demonstratives and their primitive basis isn’t clear (PE14/55). The first version of Quenya Personal Pronouns (QPP1) from the late 1940s had ᴹ√ETHE “other” as the basis for the “other person” pronoun ᴹQ. the, along with a rarer “[yet another] person” pronoun he (PE23/91), but there are no signs of the past 1948. The next published “or” word was S. egor from the King’s Letter in the omitted epilogue to The Lord of the Rings, written in 1948-1951 (SD/129).

The next set of “or/other” words do not appear until the 1960s. The primitive form ✶khē̆ appears in notes on reflexives from 1965 as the basis for Q. hé “him, the other” (VT49/15), probably a holdover from the 1948 pronoun he mentioned above (PE23/91). In rough notes on numbers written in the late 1960s, Tolkien gave the possibly-related root √KES “other”, with derivatives Q. exa “other” and Q. exe “the other”, apparently adjective and noun (VT47/40). Finally in some notes written in 1968 or later, Tolkien gave the primitive element √KHY- “other”, with derivatives Q. hye “other person”, Q. hya “other thing”, and Q. hyana “other [adjective]” (VT49/14).

These primitive forms also seem to be connected to various words Tolkien considered for “or” in the Ambidexters Sentence composed in 1969: khe >> hela >> hya (VT49/14). Patrick Wynne suggested the first two of these might be connected to 1965 ✶khē̆, and the last one to 1968+ √KHY-. This last root may also be connected to Q. ahya- “change” (circa 1960); if so Tolkien may have been vacillating among various possible forms throughout the 1960s.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is better to use √KHY- and its derivatives, since they are a more comprehensive paradigm including the best available Quenya word for “or”.

kes

root. other

har-

verb. to stand

A verb appearing as har “stand” on the back of one version of Thror’s Map from the 1930s (AotH/56). It might be related to ᴹQ. thar- “stand” from 1948 (PE22/126).

Neo-Sindarin: Since the later Elvish root for “stand” is √TAR, I would update this verb to ᴺS. tar- as suggested by Elaran.

egor

conjunction. or

egor

conjunction. or

egel

adjective. other

egor

or

egor

egor

or

**

na

by

(near) na (followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salos reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

na

by

(followed by lenition), with article nan (followed by ”mixed mutation”, according to David Salo’s reconstruction). The preposition has various meanings: ”with, by, near” and also ”to, toward, at; of”

tar-

verb. to stand