ha

pronoun. it

ha

pronoun. it

haramon

place name. Haramon

An earlier name for Emyn Arnen (WR/363), apparently a combination of the prefixal form har- of harn “south” and amon “hill”, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/3.38).

haleth

masculine name. Haleth

halldir

masculine name. Halldir

handir

masculine name. Handir

harfalas

place name. Harfalas

harlindon

place name. Harlindon

halbarad

masculine name. Halbarad

hathaldir

masculine name. Hathaldir

hall

adjective. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady” derived from the primitive ᴹ✶skalnā > ON. skhalla under the root ᴹ√SKAL “screen, hide (from light), overshadow” (Ety/SKAL¹).

haew

noun. custom, habit

Written hæw (with ae-ligature) in the Etymologies, rectified here according to VT/45:22

haedh

noun. heap

heap, piled mound

hanw

noun. ?chair

haradhoth

collective name. People of Harad

harlorn

place name. South Haven

haew

noun. custom, habit

hargam

adjective. left-handed

harwed

adjective. left-handed

hasta-

verb. to hack through, to hack through, *cleave

hall

adjective. veiled, hidden, shadowed, shady

ham

noun. (?) chair

ham

noun. ?chair

hargam

noun. left-handed

hasta-

verb. to hack through

hadhafang

proper name. Throng-cleaver

Noldorin name for ᴹQ. Sangahyando appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s, as combination of hâdh “✱cleaver” and thang “throng” (Ety/SYAD, STAG). It was dissimilated from the older form †Hadhathang; Tolkien also listed a variant dissimilation havathang (Ety/STAG).

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the Gnomish equivalent of ᴱQ. Sangahyando was given as G. Hanthang, G. Sangair and (rejected) Thangairo[s?], with the last letter unreadable in the third variant (GL/48, 67, 72).

hathel

noun. broadsword-blade, axe-blade

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “broadsword-blade, axe-blade” derived from primitive ᴹ✶syatsē̆la [< ✱syadsē̆la] under the root ᴹ√SYAD “cleave” (Ety/SYAD). In Tolkien’s later writing there was the name S. Hathol “The Axe” (S/147, WJ/234) which might be a replacement of the 1930s word, but I think the two can coexist as words for “✱weapon-blade” and “axe” respectively.

Conceptual Development: The noun ᴱN. dail “axe-blade” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s from primitive ᴱ✶daglé (PE13/141). A similar word {i·dhail >>} i·dael “the axe” appeared in the Early Qenya Phonology of the 1920s derived from primitive ᴱ✶dagla (PE14/66).

hab-

verb. to clothe

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “clothe” and derived from the root ᴹ√KHAP “enfold” (Ety/KHAP), along with a variant N. hamma- of the same meaning (EtyAC/KHAP). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien gave the form of the second verb as hamnia- (LR/363), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne confirmed that the actual form was hamma- in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/21).

Conceptual Development: There was a verb of similar meaning in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s: G. {baitha- >>} baidha- “to clothe” (GL/21). This was derived from the early root ᴱ√VAẎA “enfold, wind about” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Vai; QL/100).

Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies, Tolkien made no distinction between N. hab- and N. hamma-, except that the latter seems to be the basis for (the gerund?) N. hammad “clothing”. For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use hab- for any covering of cloth, but would use hamma- for the more specific act of putting on clothing or getting dressed.

haldir

masculine name. Hidden Hero

The son of Orodreth in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s (LR/147). In The Etymologies, this name was glossed “Hidden Hero” and given as a combination of hall “hidden” and dîr “man” (Ety/DER, Ety/SKAL¹).

Conceptual Development: This character was first named ᴱN. Halmir in the Lays of Beleriand from the 1920s (LB/75), and the name Halmir also appeared in Silmarillion drafts from the 1930s before changing to Haldir (LR/147). In The Etymologies, his name was initially derived from (rejected) haldir “fur-hunter” (EtyAC/SKEL), and Tolkien also considered deriving it from the root ᴹ√KHAL “uplift” (Ety/KHAL²). The son of Orodreth did not appear in later versions of the Silmarillion, but the name Haldir was reused for several other characters.

hammad

noun. clothing, clothing, *clothes

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “clothing” based on (and possibly the gerund of) the verb N. hamma- “to clothe” (Ety/KHAB).

Conceptual Development: Earlier clothing words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s include G. baith “a garment” and {baidri- “clothes” >>} baithri “clothes, clothing” (GL/21), both derived from the early root ᴱ√VAẎA “enfold, wind about” as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Vai; QL/100). The form ᴱN. {maith >>} baith “clothes, garments, dress” reappeared in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/138).

See N. hamp “garment” for other similar words.

hamp

noun. garment

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “garment” derived from the root ᴹ√KHAP “enfold” (Ety/KHAB).

Conceptual Development: Earlier garment words include G. baith “a garment” from the Gnomish Lexicon, ᴱN. baith “clothes, garments, dress” in Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s (PE13/138) and ᴱN. gwab “garment” in both Early Noldorin word lists and the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s (PE13/123, 146). The collective plural ᴱN. gwablith of this last word was also used for “clothes”.

See N. hammad “clothing” for other similar words.

haust

noun. bed

A word for “bed” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khau̯-stā “rest-ing” under the root ᴹ√KHAW “rest, lie at ease” (Ety/KHAW; EtyAC/KHAW).

Conceptual Development: A similar form G. haus “bed” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on G. hau- “to lie” (GL/48).

habad

noun. shoe

A word for “shoe” in The Etymologies of the late 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skyapat- under the root ᴹ√SKYAP (Ety/SKYAP). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, the gloss was “shore” (LR/386), but Vinyar Tengwar Errata confirmed the actual gloss was “shoe” (VTE for issue 46). The Old Noldorin form was ON. skhapa with the early loss of final t, but in modern Noldorin it seems the -d < -t was restored via the plural N. hebeid, which in Sindarin would be ✱hebaid since ei became ai in final syllables for Sindarin of the 1950s and 60s.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. habin “shoe” derived from {ᴱ√sı̯ap >>} ᴱ√χı̯ap, appearing above G. habach “a big shoe, clog, sabot” of similar derivation (GL/47). Elsewhere in the document, Tolkien compared G. saib “boot” derived from ᴱ√SAYAP to (unglossed) hab (GL/66).

harn

adjective. wounded

An adjective for “wounded” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skarnā under the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

Conceptual Development: A similar word ᴱN. hardh “wounded” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/147).

harw

noun. wound

A noun appearing as N. harw “wound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skarwē under the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

Conceptual Development: The word ᴱN. harw “wound” also appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, likewise derived from primitive ᴱ✶skar-wé (PE13/147).

Neo-Sindarin: Many Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. haru to better fit Sindarin orthography, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

habad

noun. shoe

The meaning "shore" in Ety/386 should actually read "shoe", see VT/Errata and Lambengolmor/735. Compare also with Early Qenya hyapa (PE/13:41) and Gnomish habin (PE/11:47), both glossed as "shoe"

hamma-

verb. to clothe

The form hamnia- in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/45:21

hathal

noun. broadsword-blade, axe-blade

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

hathal

noun. axe

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

hathel

noun. broadsword-blade, axe-blade

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

hathel

noun. axe

See orchal for a discussion about syllabic consonants and their vocalization

hadh-

verb. sit

had-

verb. to hurl, to hurl, *fling; [G.] throw at, aim at

hador

masculine name. Thrower

hador

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

hae

adverb/adjective. *far

haf-

verb. to sit

haglath

noun. sling

hal-

verb. to lift

hall

adjective. exalted, high

hamma-

verb. to clothe, to clothe, *put on clothes, get dressed

hand

noun. seat

hann

adjective. intelligent

hannas

noun. understanding, intelligence

harad

place name. The South

harn

noun. helmet

harnen

place name. *South Water

haudh

noun. grave, tomb; (piled) mound, heap

haudh-na-dengin

place name. Hill of Slain

halath

noun. skin, fell

haldir

noun. fur-hunter

half

noun. seashell

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “seashell” derived from primitive ᴹ✶syalmā under the root ᴹ√SYAL (Ety/SYAL).

haltha-

verb. to screen

har-

verb. to stand

harad

noun. south

haradren

adjective. southern

harfen

noun. *south-region

harn

adjective. southern

harna-

verb. to wound

A verb for “to wound” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SKAR “tear, rend” (Ety/SKAR).

hartha-

verb. to hope

harthad

noun. hope

hast

noun. axe-stroke

hadron

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haradwaith

proper name. Sutherland; Men of the South

hab-

verb. to clothe

had-

verb. to hurl

hadlath

noun. sling

hador

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

hadron

noun. thrower (of spears and darts)

haedh

noun. heap, ‘piled mound’

haen

adverb/adjective. *far

haf-

verb. to sit

haglath

noun. sling

hal-

verb. to lift

half

noun. seashell

hall

adjective. exalted, high

haltha-

verb. to screen

hammad

gerund noun. clothing

hamna

noun. funeral mound

funeral mound

hamp

noun. garment

hana

pronoun. it

hana

pronoun. it

hand

adjective. intelligent

handos

noun. *understanding, intelligence

hann

adjective. intelligent

hannas

noun. understanding, intelligence

harad

noun. south

haradren

adjective. southern

harn

adjective. wounded

harn

noun. helmet

harn

adjective. southern

harna-

verb. to wound

har na ond i mid

stand by the grey stone

A phrase on the back of one version of Thror’s Map, and hence probably from the early 1930s. The English translation appears further down the page.

harw

noun. wound

hast

noun. axe-stroke

haudh

noun. (burial) mound, grave, tomb

haust

noun. bed

tharas

noun. hassock, footstool

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “hassock, footstool”, an elaboration of N. thâr “stiff grass” (Ety/STAR). Its derivation might have to do with the other meaning of English “hassock” referring to matted vegetation in swampy ground.

marthanc

masculine name. Hamfast

perhail

masculine name. Halfwise

tham

noun. hall

lhaws

noun. hair ringlet

tham

noun. hall

thamb

noun. hall

tharas

noun. hassock, footstool

matha-

verb. to stroke, feel, handle

erchamui

adjective. one-handed

matha-

verb. to stroke, feel, handle

thamas

noun. great hall

thambas

noun. great hall

lhagr

adjective. swift, rapid

The form lhegin in the published Etymologies might be a misreading for lhegrin, see VT/45:25. As noted by Bertrand Bellet, the two forms are listed side by side, and they may simply be doublets, but it is also possible that we have here a singular followed by its plural.

athan

preposition. beyond

critha-

verb. to reap

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its [Noldorin] infinitive form N. critho “reap” and derived from primitive ᴹ✶k’rikta- under the root ᴹ√KIRIK (Ety/KIRIK).

heltha-

verb. to strip, to strip, *flay, peel skin; *to despoil, make bare

lhann

adjective. wide, wide, [ᴱN.] broad

ortha-

verb. to raise

dortha-

verb. to dwell, stay

lhand

adjective. wide, broad

lhann

adjective. wide, broad

lhathra-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lhathrada-

verb. to listen in, eavesdrop

lhaw

noun. ears (referring to one person's pair of ears only)

thafn

noun. post, wooden pillar

haen

adjective. far, distant, remote

carab

noun. hat

A word for “hat” appearing in 1930s revisions to the map for The Silmarillion as an element in the name Amon Carab “Hill of the Hat” (WJ/187); hat tip to Lokyt for helping date this item. By the 1950s-60s the hill was renamed to Amon Rûdh “Bald Hill” (S/204). There is no clear derivation for the word carab, but ᴱQ. karape and G. garob “cloak, outer garment” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s may be related since they have a similar form and are also words for garments (GL/37). The unglossed 1930s root ᴹ√KARPA might also be related (PE18/66).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. tôd “hat” with Qenya cognate ᴱQ. tâta (GL/71). Underneath this was G. togli “cap”, probably the result tôd + -li with the Gnomish sound change of dl to gl.

cobas

place name. Haven

The bay north of Dol Amroth in early maps of Gondor from the 1940s (TI/312, WR/434), unnamed in the maps published in The Lord of the Rings. The name is similar to N. hobas “harbourage” and ᴱQ. kópas “harbour”. It was probably derived from the root ᴹ√KOP, a (rejected) variant of ᴹ√KHOP > hobas from The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KOP, Ety/KHOP). See the entry on ᴹ√KHOP for details.

talagand

masculine name. Harper

A name appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/ÑGAN, TYAL), it is simply talagand “harper” used as a name.

mō

noun. hand

ON. hand

ai

interjection. hail

cam

noun. hand

dam

noun. hammer

damrod

masculine name. hammerer of copper

dring

noun. hammer

gannel

noun. harp

glingal

proper name. Hanging Flame

hobas

noun. harbourage

hûb

noun. haven, harbour, small landlocked bay

lhorn

noun. haven, quiet water, anchorage, harbour

moed

adjective. handy, skilled

per-

prefix. half

perian

noun. Halfling

perin

adjective. half

peringol

proper name. Half-elven, (lit.) Half-Noldo

talagand

noun. harper

†harwed

adjective. lefthanded

ai, padathir, padathir

Hail, Trotter, Trotter

cam

noun. hand

camb

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

camm

noun. hand

cirban

noun. haven

cirban

noun. haven

dam

noun. hammer

daro

verb. halt! stop!

delw

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

delw

adjective. hateful, deadly, fell

gandel

noun. harp

gannel

noun. harp

grond

proper name. Hammer of the Underworld

hobas

noun. harbourage

hûb

noun. haven, harbour, small land-locked bay

lorn

noun. haven

moed

adjective. handy, skilled, skilful

norn

adjective. hard

per-

prefix. half, divided in middle

perin

adjective. half, divided in middle

talagand

noun. harper

hobas in elf

place name. *Harbourage of the Swans

A variant form of Alfobas appearing in The Etymologies from the 1930s (Ety/KHOP), a combination of hobas “harbourage”, the plural form in of the definite article i, and the plural of alf “swan”.

taew

noun. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple

A noun for “holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶takmā “thing for fixing” under the root ᴹ√TAK “fix, make fast” (Ety/TAK). Here it seems the g vocalized to i to produce the diphthong ai, which then became ae, while the post-vocalic m softened to v and then became w as it often did at the end of words: ✱takma > taima > taem(a) > taev > taew. The Sindarin developments would have been similar.

Based on its long list of glosses, it seems taew could be used of fasteners in general, both movable like a hasp or clasp, as well as fixed like a staple or socket, as opposed to its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. tangwa which could be used only if a movable “hasp, clasp”.

damma-

verb. to hammer

It was long considered that damna-, dammint in the Etymologies might have been misreadings. VT/45:37 confirms this, though the exact reading actually remains rather uncertain

lhumren

noun. shady

A word appearing as N. lhumren “shady” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, an adjective form of N. lhum “shade” (Ety/LUM).

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lómin “shady, shadowy, gloomy; gloom(iness)” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, the adjective form of G. lôm “gloom, shade” (GL/54). A similar word G. lumbrin or lumba “overcast” was an adjective based on G. lum “a cloud” (GL/55).

Neo-Sindarin: Since the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” survived in later writings (PE17/168), I think N. lhumren “shady” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lumren as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the sense “overcast” from Gnomish lumbrin can be salvaged as well.

crum

noun. left hand

damma-

verb. to hammer

dar-

verb. to stop, halt

glass

noun. joy, *happiness

gling-

verb. to hang, dangle

heir

noun/adjective. left (hand)

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, (lit.) year-full

maenas

noun. craft, handicraft, art

post

noun. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite

trasta-

verb. to harass, trouble

brûn

adjective. old, that has long endured, or been established, or in use

camland

noun. palm of hand

celeg

adjective. swift, agile, hasty

crum

noun. left hand

crumui

adjective. left-handed

crumui

adjective. left-handed

dalf

noun. palm of hand

fast

noun. shaggy hair

feir

noun. right (hand)

findel

noun. (braided) hair

finnel

noun. (braided) hair

forgam

adjective. right-handed

fœir

noun. right (hand)

ganna-

verb. to play a harp

gannada-

verb. to play a harp

gar-

verb. to hold, have

gar-

verb. to hold, have, to hold, have, *possess

gerin

verb. I hold, I have

gling-

verb. to hang, dangle

heir

noun/adjective. left (hand)

ifant

adjective. aged, having lived long, old (with no connotation of weakness)

ista-

verb. to have knowledge

ista-

verb. to have knowledge, to have knowledge, [G.] know, be aware, perceive, feel

lhonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lhorn

noun. anchorage, harbour

lhumren

adjective. shady

lond

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

lonn

noun. entrance to harbour, land-locked haven

merethrond

proper name. Great Hall of Feasts

paur

noun. fist (often used to mean "hand", its chief use was in reference of the tighly closed hand, as in using an implement or a craft-tool, rather than to the fist used in punching)

post

noun. pause, halt, rest, cessation, respite

taew

noun. holder, socket, hasp, clasp, staple

tathren

adjective. of willow, having willows

trasta-

verb. to harass, trouble

heledir(n)

noun. kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s for a kingfisher derived from primitive ᴹ✶khalatirnō̆ “fish watcher” with variants heledir and heledirn (Ety/KHAL¹, SKAL², TIR). Tolkien also considered and rejected the form haledir without i-affection (EtyAC/KHAL¹).

hâl

noun. fish

A noun for “fish” appearing on the front page of The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶khala (EtyAC/KHAL¹). As such, it was probably based on the root ᴹ√KHAL “(small) fish” (Ety/KHAL¹), but may have transferred to ᴹ√SKAL “small fish” when Tolkien revised that root (Ety/SKAL²).

amon dengin

place name. Hill of Slain

An earlier form of the name Haudh-en-Ndengin, translated “Hill of Slain” (SM/146, LR/314), a combination of N. amon “hill” and the plural of N. dangen “slain (person)”.

hell

adjective. naked, naked, *stripped

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “naked” and derived from primitive ᴹ✶skelnā under the root ᴹ√SKEL (Ety/SKEL). This word was originally hall “naked” under an earlier but deleted form of the root ᴹ√SKAL (EtyAC/SKEL). The root ᴹ√SKEL was also the basis for the verb N. heltha- “to strip”, and its Quenya derivative ᴹQ. helda was at one point was glossed “stripped bare” (Ety/SKAL¹), so the word hell seems to mean “naked” in the sense “✱stripped (of clothing or other covering)”.

Conceptual Development: There are a couple of earlier “naked” words in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s that seems to be similarly derived. G. dautha “naked, stripped” was related to daf- “to strip, flay” (GL/29) and G. hulc “naked” (GL/49) is like the cognate of ᴱQ. hulqa “naked” under the early root ᴱ√HULU “strip” (QL/41). In later writings, some “naked” words were derived from √PAR “peel” instead (PE17/86, 171).

anw

adjective. male

A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

caleledh

proper name. *Light Elf

Noldorin form that appeared in a marginal note in The Etymologies from the 1930s alongside a variant Celion and an unclear form Celelidh, possibly its plural (EtyAC/KAL). It appears to be a singular Noldorin equivalent to ᴹQ. Kalaqendi “✱Light Elves”, a combination of ᴹ√KAL “shine” and Eledh “Elf”.

celion

proper name. *Light Elf

Noldorin form that appeared in a marginal note in The Etymologies from the 1930s alongside a variant Caleledh, replacing a deleted form Calion (EtyAC/KAL). It appears to be a singular Noldorin equivalent ᴹQ. Kalaqendi “✱Light Elves”, a combination of ᴹ√KAL “shine” and the masculine suffix -on (though why the i was added is unclear). This might be a precursor to later S. Calben.

cuil

noun. life, life, [G.] lifetime

A noun for “life” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake” (Ety/KUY).

Conceptual Development: This word dates back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, where Tolkien clarified that G. cuil “life” was “usually [the] quality of being alive, but [was] also used = lifetime” (GL/27). ᴱN. cuil “life” also appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141).

eil-

verb. to rain

An impersonal verb appearing as N. eil “it is raining” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶ulyā- (> œil > eil) under the root ᴹ√ULU “pour, flow” (Ety/ULU; EtyAC/ULU). This verb is abnormal in that its final a disappeared rather than surviving as it usually did for derived verbs, giving eil rather than ✱elia-, ✱eilia- or ✱eila-. However, as an impersonal verb there would never be any pronominal suffix to help preserve the final a by analogy, which probably explains the vowel loss.

Conceptual Development: The verb for “rain” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s was G. ubra-, probably related to G. ub “wet, moist, damp” (GL/74).

Neo-Sindarin: In Sindarin, the likely developments of primitive ✶ulyā would be to ✱oly(a) > ᴺS. uil “it rains”; I believe this form was first suggested by Helge Fauskanger in his Parviphith Edhellen wordlist. Compare ᴺS. uil to: S. ruin “fiery red” < (perhaps) ✱runyā and S. fuir “north” < (perhaps) ✱phoryā, and see the entry on how [[s|[œi] became [ui] or [y]]] for further discussion. Any inflected forms would probably restore the stem, such as (hypothetical) intransitive past and future forms ✱eilias “it rained” and ✱eiliatha “it will rain”).

garaf

noun. wolf

A noun for “wolf” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGARAM (Ety/ÑGAR(A)M).

Conceptual Development: This word seems to have replaced N. araf or aram derived from the rejected root ᴹ√ƷARAM with various glosses like “wolf” or (small or swift) “dog” (Ety/ƷARAM; EtyAC/ƷARAM). This in turn may be a later iteration of G. harog or harw “wolf” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s with feminine variant G. harach “a she-wolf” (GL/48).

ionn

noun. son

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

ionn

noun. scion, male descendant

For the second meaning, cf. Hadorion, a Húrin's epithet in WJ/294, Hurinionath referring to the house of Húrin the Steward in PM/202-3,218, and Gil-Galad's epithet Ereinion, cf. also the gloss of the old Qenya cognate yondo "descendant of" in PE/12:106, or the use of the same suffix in later Quenya names such as Isildurioni and Anárioni "Heirs of Isildur (resp. Anárion)" in PM/192,196

lhim

noun. fish

A noun appearing as N. lhim “fish” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from primitive ᴹ✶liñwi of the same meaning (Ety/LIW), where the labialized velar ñw (&gt; ñgw) became the labial m (&lt; mb) and the initial l unvoiced to lh.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, Tolkien had G. ing “fish” (GL/51), cognate to ᴱQ. ingwe of the same meaning (QL/43). In Gnomish labialized velars only became labials in limited circumstances, so the primitive ng survived.

Neo-Sindarin: Since the unvoicing of initial liquids did not occur in Sindarin, many people adapt this word as ᴺS. lim “fish” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, as suggested in HSD (HSD).

puia-

verb. to spit

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√PIW “spit” and so probably of the same meaning (Ety/PIW).

Conceptual Development: The earliest verb with this meaning was G. crectha- “to spit” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√kerek- or ᴱ√kereχ- (GL/27). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {his- >>} hist- “spit” from primitive ᴱ✶pṣt- or ᴱ✶sṣt- (PE13/147, 163), where the initial p became h as was often the case in the 1920s.

sog-

verb. to drink

A verb appearing as infinitive sogo “drink” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√SUK of the same meaning (Ety/SUK), with short u becoming o as usual.

Conceptual Development: The same verb G. sog- “drink” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), but in Tolkien’s earlier writings the root was ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85). The verb ᴱN. sog- also seems to appear in sample sentences in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s such as ᴱN. manthil sóg odog “✱having eaten he drinks a lot” (PE13/128), but these sentences were not translated.

Neo-Sindarin: In Tolkien’s later writing, the usual Quenya word for “drink” was Q. yul- from the root √YUL, so some Neo-Sindarin writers prefer to coin a neologism ᴺS. ýl- “drink” based on this root. However, I prefer to retain sog- for “drink” in Neo-Sindarin, since the roots √SOK and √SUK also appeared in Tolkien’s later writings, including documents that also had √YUL (PE18/94; VT39/11).

sûth

noun. draught

A noun appearing as N. sûth “draught” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√SUK “drink”, likely from primitive ✱suktō given its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. suhto (Ety/SUK). It is thus likely that the combination ukt vocalized to ūth, as it did for similar words in The Etymologies such as N. lhûtha- “enchant” vs. ᴹQ. luhta- under the root ᴹ√LUK (Ety/LUK).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s instead had G. suith “a drink, a draught” (GL/68) from the early root ᴱ√SOKO (QL/85), representing a different vocalization: okt vocalizing to oith (HPG/§2.6) and then oi becoming ui (PE15/13). It seems the phonetic developments in The Etymologies of that late 1930s were different, but in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet from this same period, Tolkien said [ui] was the result of vocalized u + χ (PE22/40), and indeed that seems to be the phonetic developments in later Sindarin as well, given words like S. nuitha- from primitive ✶nuktā- (WJ/413).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use ᴺS. suith for “draught, a drink”, a form I saw first suggested by David Salo in his book Gateway to Sindarin (GS/321).

tôr

noun. brother

An (archaic) word for “brother” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√TOR of the same meaning, with an irregular plural terein (Ety/TOR). In ordinary speech, it was replaced by muindor, with an initial element muin “dear”.

Neo-Sindarin: In notes from the late 1960s, Tolkien introduced a new word hanar for “brother” (VT47/14). However, I think †tôr and related words might be retained to mean a “metaphorical brother”, a close male associate who may or may not be related by blood, as with such words as gwador “(sworn) brother, associate”. In this paradigm, I would assume muindor still refers to a brother by blood, with an added connotation of strong affection.

henia-

verb. to understand

ardh

noun. realm

borth

?. [unglossed]

celebrimbor

masculine name. Silver-fist

cuia-

verb. to live

dag-

verb. to slay

dangen

adjective. slain

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

hâdh

noun. *cleaver

lhewig

noun. ear

nen

noun. water

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

parch

adjective. dry

paur

noun. fist

sail

adjective. wise

sarn

noun/adjective. stone as a material

tol-

verb. to come

-ion

suffix. son

afarch

adjective. very dry, arid

al-

prefix. no, not

alag

adjective. rushing, impetuous

ammarth

noun. fate, doom

anna-

verb. to give

annûn

noun. west, sunset

annûn

noun. west

aran

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

ardh

noun. realm, region

badh-

verb. to judge

badhor

noun. judge

badhor

noun. judge

badhron

noun. judge

badhron

noun. judge

balan

noun. Vala, divine power, divinity

bara

adjective. fiery

bara

adjective. eager

barth

noun. fate

belegoer

place name. Great Sea

brannon

noun. lord

brannon

noun. lord

breged

noun. violence, suddenness

brennil

noun. lady

brennil

noun. lady

car

noun. house, building

car(dh)

noun. house, house, *construction, structure

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing as car or carð with the gloss “house” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” (Ety/KAR). Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. kar (kard-) was glossed “building, house”.

Neo-Sindarin: Given the meaning of its root, I would use cardh for any kind of building-like construction or structure for purposes of Neo-Sindarin. For an ordinary “house” where people live, I would use S. bâr.

cardh

noun. house, building

celw

noun. spring, source

clei

?. [unglossed]

coen

?. [unglossed]

crist

noun. cleaver, sword

crom

noun. left

crom

adjective. left

cuil

noun. life

cum

noun. mound, heap

cumb

noun. mound, heap

curu

noun. craft, skill

curw

noun. craft, skill

dad

adverb. down, downwards

dad

adverb. down

dangen

noun. slain

dannas

noun. autumn

dantilais

noun. autumn

daug

noun. warrior, soldier (chiefly used of Orcs)

dilia-

verb. to stop up

diragas

?. [unglossed]

dor

noun. land, dwelling-place, region where certain people live

The form dor in the Etymologies is a misreading, see VT/45. In composition and in toponyms, the word is nevertheless reduced to Dor

dramb

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

drambor

noun. clenched fist

drambor

noun. blow (with fist)

dramm

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

draug

noun. wolf

draug

noun. wolf

dúven

adjective. (?) southern

dûn

noun. west

dûn

noun. west

eden

adjective. new, begun again

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

ephel

noun. outer fence, encircling fence

eria-

verb. to rise

esgar

noun. shore

ethuil

noun. spring

falathren

noun/adjective. of the shore

falathren

noun/adjective. Shore-language (one of the names for Common Speech)

fanui

adjective. cloudy

fingon

masculine name. Fingon

firith

noun. autumn

forn

noun. right, north

garaf

noun. wolf

gaul

noun. wolf-howl

gell

noun. joy, triumph

glas

noun. joy

glas

noun. joy

glass

noun. joy

gobel

noun. walled house or village, town

goll

adjective. wise

goll

adjective. wise

golwen

adjective. wise, learned in deep arts

gorf

noun. impetus, vigour

gwador

noun. brother (especially used of those not brothers by blood, but sworn brothers or associates)

gwaith

noun. manhood

gwaith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gwaith

noun. region, wilderness

gwann

adjective. departed, dead

gweith

noun. manhood

gweith

noun. man power, troop of able-bodied men, host, regiment, people

gweith

noun. region, wilderness

hell

adjective. naked

henia-

verb. to understand

heniad

gerund noun. understanding, intelligence

heron

noun. master

hiril

noun. lady

hiril

noun. lady

hith

noun. mist, fog

hoe

adverb/adjective. *far

hâdh

noun. (?) cleaver

hâl

noun. fish

hîr

noun. master, lord

hîth

noun. mist

ingem

adjective. old (of person, in mortal sense: decripit, suffering from old age)

New word coined by the Elves after meeting with Men

ionn

noun. son

iuith

noun. use

iuith

noun. use

iâr

noun. blood

iâr

noun. blood

lasbelin

noun. autumn

ledh-

verb. to go, to go, *travel, journey

@@@ extended meanings suggested by Fiona Jallings

lhewig

noun. ear

lhim

noun. fish

lhimb

noun. fish

lhonn

noun. narrow path or strait

lhorn

noun. quiet water

lond

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. narrow path or strait

lonn

noun. path

mad-

verb. to eat

maenas

noun. craft

maethon

noun. sword

maethor

noun. warrior

maethor

noun. warrior

magl

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

magol

noun. sword

The word megil (q.v.), probably introduced by the Ñoldor, was also used

magol

noun. sword

mai

adverb. well

mauth

?. [unglossed]

megil

noun. sword

The word was struck out in the Etymologies, but is well attested in late compounds such as Mormegil or Arvegil (with regular mutation). It is conceivably the Sindarinized form of Quenya makil, coexisting with magol (see tegil and tegol for a similar case)

megil

noun. sword

menwed

?. [unglossed]

milui

adjective. friendly, loving, kind

muindor

noun. brother

muindor

noun. brother

mû

interjection. no

naug

noun. Dwarf

naugl

noun. dwarf

naugol

noun. dwarf

nawag

noun. Dwarf

nawag

noun. Dwarf

nen

noun. water (used of a lake, pool or lesser river)

nen

noun. waterland

nith

?. [unglossed]

nithrad

?. [unglossed]

noen

adjective. wise, sensible

norn

adjective. twisted, knotted, crabbed, contorted

noroth

noun. giant

níth

?. [unglossed]

odog

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

or

preposition. above, over

or-

prefix. above, over

orthor-

verb. to master, conquer

othlon

noun. paved way

othlond

noun. paved way

palathrin

place name. Gladden

Earliest Elvish name for the river Gladden appearing in Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s (RS/432), a combination of palath “iris” and the adjective suffix -rin, as suggested by Roman Rausch (EE/1.15).

pann

adjective. wide

pann

adjective. wide

parch

adjective. dry

penedh

noun. Elf

penn

noun. Elf

porennin

?. [unglossed]

rada-

verb. to make a way, find a way

riben

masculine name. Merry

râd

noun. path, track

sein

adjective. new

sein

adjective. new

sûth

noun. draught

taen

noun. height, summit of high mountain

talaf

noun. ground, floor

tar-

adjective. tough, stiff

tara

adjective. tough, stiff

tathor

noun. willow-tree

taur

noun. king (only used of the legitimate kings of whole tribes)

In LotR/IV:IV, Frodo is called Daur, which might be the mutated form of this word

taur

adjective. mighty, vast, overwhelming, huge, awful, high, sublime

teilia-

verb. to play

telia-

verb. to play

telwen

?. [unglossed]

thinna-

verb. to fade, to grow towards evening

The punctuation in The Etymologies is considered incorrect (the full dot after this word should conceivably be a comma)

thora-

verb. to fence

thâr

noun. stiff grass

tindu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tindu

noun. starry twilight

tinnu

noun. dusk, twilight, early night (without Moon)

tinnu

noun. starry twilight

tir-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tir-

verb. to watch

tiria-

verb. to watch, to gaze, look at

tiria-

verb. to watch

tirith

noun. watch, guard (abstract noun), vigilance

tirith

noun. watch, guard

tog-

verb. to bring

tol-

verb. to come

tond

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

tonn

adjective. tall

tôr

noun. brother

The word muindor is more usual

um

adjective. bad, evil

âr

noun. king (used of a lord or king of a specified region)

âr

noun. king

ûr

noun. wide

ûr

adjective. wide