cû

cúma

Q. cúma.

cû

noun. bow, bow; [N.] arch, crescent; [G.] waxing or waning moon

cû

noun. arch, crescent

cû

noun. bow

cûf

cúma

Q. cúma.

cûl

noun. load

cûl

noun. load

cûd

noun. foe

@@@ VT49/25 from KOT > kōt

cûl bîn

place name. Little Load

A mountain near Tarlang’s Neck, mentioned only in Tolkien’s Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings, where he translated the name as “Little Load” (RC/536). It appears to be a combination of cûl “load” and the lenited form bîn of the (otherwise unattested) adjective pîn “little” (RC/536).

cûl veleg

place name. Bigload

A mountain near Tarlang’s Neck, mentioned only in Tolkien’s Nomenclature of the Lord of the Rings, where he translated the name as “Bigload” (RC/536). It appears to be a combination of cûl “load” and the lenited form veleg of the adjective beleg “big, great” (RC/536).

cû

bow

(i gû, o chû) (arch, crescent), pl. cui (i chui)

cû

bow

1) (noun) cû (i gû, o chû) (arch, crescent), pl. cui (i chui), 2) (bow for shooting) peng (i beng, o pheng), pl. ping (i phing),

cû

arch

cû (i gû, o chû) (bow, crescent), pl. cui (i chui)

cû

arch

(i gû, o chû) (bow, crescent), pl. cui (i chui)

cû

crescent

cû (i gû, o chû) (arch, bow), pl. cui (i chui);

cû

crescent

(i gû, o chû) (arch, bow), pl. cui (i chui);

cûl

load

cûl (i gûl), pl. cuil (i chuil) (RC:536)

cûm

heap

1) cûm (i gûm, o chûm, construct cum) (mound), pl. cuim (i chuim). 2) ovras (crowd), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath

cûn

bent

cûn (bowed, bowshaped), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

cûn

bowed

cûn (bowshaped, bent), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

cûn

bowshaped

cûn (bowed, bent), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

cûm

mound

(i gûm, o chûm, construct cum) (heap), pl. cuim (i chuim).

cûm

heap

(i gûm, o chûm, construct cum) (mound), pl. cuim (i chuim).

cûn

bent

(bowed, bowshaped), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

cûn

bowed

(bowshaped, bent), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

cûn

bowshaped

(bowed, bent), lenited gûn; pl. cuin

cûr

noun. cheese

cugu

dove

cugu (i gugu, o chugu), pl. cygy (i chygy)

cugu

dove

(i gugu, o chugu), pl. cygy (i chygy)

côf

noun. bay

The earliest iteration of this word seems to be G. gobos “haven” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, cognate to ᴱQ. kôpa(s) (GL/40). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien had ᴱN. cû “bay, cove”, again as a cognate of ᴱQ. kópa (PE13/141). In The Etymologies of the 1930s it was N. hûb “haven, harbour, small landlocked bay” derived from the root ᴹ√KHOP (Ety/KHOP). In notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69, Tolkien use S. côf “bay” in a pair of names: S. Côf Belfalas “Bay of Belfalas” and S. Côf Gwaeren Bel “Windy Bay of Bel”, but the section where it appeared was rejected (VT42/15).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I’d use the 1930s form hûb for “bay”, because (a) it is the latest form that was not rejected and (b) is compatible with an attested Quenya form ᴹQ. hópa of the same meaning.

coron

mound

1) coron (i goron, o choron) (globe, ball), pl. ceryn (i cheryn), 2) cûm (i gûm, o chûm, construct cum) (heap), pl. cuim (i chuim).

cúron

crescent moon

(i gúron, o chúron), pl. cúroen (i churoen). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” cúran; compare the Sindarin month-names in -ron.

cúron

noun. crescent moon

coll

adjective. hollow

coll

adjective. hollow

côf

noun. bay

cúron

noun. the crescent Moon

gûd

noun. foe

haudh

noun. (burial) mound, grave, tomb

haudh

noun. heap

Dor. heap, piled mound

lach

noun. (leaping) flame

lacha-

verb. to flame

lacho

verb. flame!

lost

adjective. empty

lost

adjective. empty

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

naw

adjective. hollow

raudh

adjective. hollow, cavernous

coll

hollow

(lenited goll; pl. cyll). (WJ:414) Note: homophones mean "red, scarlet" and also "cloak".

coron

mound

(i goron, o choron) (globe, ball), pl. ceryn (i cheryn)

covn

noun. empty, void

côf

bay

(noun) 1) côf (i gôf, o chôf, construct cof), pl. cŷf (i chŷf), 2) (small landlocked bay) hûb (i chûb, o chûb, construct hub) (harbour, haven), pl. huib (i chuib)

côf

bay

(i gôf, o chôf, construct cof), pl. cŷf (i chŷf)

eilian

rainbow

(pl. eiliain). Archaic elianw (so the coll. pl. may be eilianwath).

gûd

foe

gûd (i ngûd = i ñûd, o n**gûd = o ngûd, construct gud) (enemy), pl. guid (in guid** = i ñgŷd)

gûd

foe

(i ngûd = i ñûd, o n’gûd = o ngûd, construct gud) (enemy), pl. guid (in guid = i ñgŷd)

haudh

burial mound

(i chaudh, o chaudh) (barrow, grave, tomb), pl. hoedh (i choedh), coll. pl. hodhath.

hûb

bay

(i chûb, o chûb, construct hub) (harbour, haven), pl. huib (i chuib)

lach

flame

(noun) 1) lach (leaping flame), pl. laich; 2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lach

flame

(leaping flame), pl. laich;  2) naur (in compounds nar-, -nor) (fire, sun), pl. noer, coll. pl. norath, 3) rill (construct ril) (brilliance, glittering reflected light), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rill).

lacha

flame

(verb) *lacha- (i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lacha

flame

(i lacha, i lachar). Only the imperative form lacho is attested.

lachenn

flame-eyed

pl. lachinn *(WJ:384, there cited in archaic form lachend)*.

lost

empty

lost (pl. lyst), also cofn (void), lenited gofn, pl. cyfn

lost

empty

(pl. lyst), also cofn (void), lenited gofn, pl. cyfn

naw

hollow

(adj.) 1) *naw (attested in the form nov- as part of the name Novrod, Hollowbold), pl. noe. (WJ:414) Note: a homophone is the noun ”idea”. 2) coll (lenited goll; pl. cyll). (WJ:414) Note: homophones mean "red, scarlet" and also "cloak". 3) raudh (cavernous), pl. roedh

naw

hollow

(attested in the form nov- as part of the name Novrod, Hollowbold), pl. noe. (WJ:414) Note: a homophone is the noun ”idea”.

ovras

heap

(crowd), pl. evrais (archaic övrais), coll. pl. ovrassath

peng

bow

(i beng, o pheng), pl. ping (i phing)

raudh

hollow

(cavernous), pl. roedh

ruin

red flame

(no distinct pl. form except with article: idh ruin) (blazing fire). Also used as an adj. ”fiery red, burning”. (Silm app, entry ruin; PM:366)

cû

noun. arch, crescent

cû

noun. arch, crescent

cû

noun. bow

cûn

adjective. bowed, bow-shaped, bent, bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave

An adjective in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “ bowed, bow-shaped, bent” derived from primitive ᴹ✶kuʒnā under the root ᴹ√KUƷ “bow” (Ety/KUƷ).

Conceptual Development: G. cûn “bowed, bent, concave” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, along with variant forms cunwed, cuvon (GL/27).

cûl

noun. flame

A word for “flame” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√KUL “golden-red”, but this word was deleted (EtyAC/KUL).

cûn

adjective. bowed, bow-shaped, bent

cûm-na-dengin

place name. Mound of Slain

An earlier form of the name Haudh-en-Ndengin, translated “Mound of Slain” (SM/312, LR/147), a combination of a remnant of G. cûm “mound”, N. na “of” and the plural of dangen “slain (person)”.

cûm-nan-arasaith

place name. Mound of Avarice

A remnant of earlier G. Cûm an-Idrisaith appearing in Silmarillion drafts from the early 1930s (SM/133, 323), though its elements resemble early Gnomish more than later Noldorin.

cugu

noun. dove

A word for “dove” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from ᴹ✶kukūwā based on a reduplicated form of the root ᴹ√KŪ (Ety/KŪ). It replaced a deleted for cû from primitive ᴹ✶kūwā (EtyAC/KŪ).

cugu

noun. dove

cum

noun. mound, heap

cumb

noun. mound, heap

cúran

noun. crescent moon

A word appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s as N. cûran “crescent moon”, a combination of N. cû “crescent” and N. Rhân “moon” < ᴹ✶Ranā (Ety/KUƷ, RAN). In The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, Christopher Tolkien gave the form as cúran, but according to Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne the actual form was cûran (EtyAC/KUƷ).

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would probably become ᴺS. cúron, analogous to S. cýron “new-moon” (VT48/7), with S. Raun < ✱rānā reduced to -ron as usual in polysyllables.

caun

noun. empty, void

caun

adjective. empty, void

cofn

adjective. empty, void

cúran

noun. the crescent Moon

haedh

noun. heap

heap, piled mound

haudh

noun. (burial) mound, grave, tomb

lhach

noun. (leaping) flame

lhost

adjective. empty

lhost

adjective. empty

naur

noun. flame

naur

noun. fire

naur

noun. flame

peng

noun. bow (for shooting)

rhaudh

adjective. hollow, cavernous

rosta-

verb. to hollow out, excavate

cú

arch, crescent

cú ("k")noun "arch, crescent" (KU3); "crescent Moon" (LT1:271; the long vowel was denoted by a circumflex rather than an accent in the early "Qenya" lexicon). In Sindarin, the same word can be used for a "bow" as used to shoot arrows (but possibly this is only quinga in Quenya).

cucua

dove

cucua ("k")noun "dove" (KŪ; in the Etymologies as printed in LR, Tolkien's manuscript was misread as two distinct words **cu and **cua; see VT45:24. According to the same source, an ephemeral word for "dove" was indeed cua, but Tolkien changed it to cucua.)

cumbë

mound, heap

cumbë ("k")noun "mound, heap" (KUB)

cumna

empty

cumna ("k")adj. "empty" (KUM)

cuv-

verb. bow

locin

adjective. bent, bent, *curled

An adjective meaning “bent” appearing in 1964 notes on Dalath Dirnen (DD) based on the root √LOK “bend” (PE17/160).

Neo-Quenya: I would use this adjective for “curled” as well, given lócë “bight, bend, curl of hair” appearing on the same page.

cúna

bent, curved

cúna ("k") 1) adj. "bent, curved", from which is derived 2) cúna- vb. "bend", occurring with a- prefix (changed by Tolkien from a na-prefix) in Markirya. Here cúna- is intransitive; we do not know whether it can also be transitive "bend".

lúva

bow, bight; bend, bow, curve

lúva noun "bow, bight; bend, bow, curve" (Appendix E, PE17:122, 168). The reference is to a "bow" as part of written characters and other uses, but "not for shooting" (a bow used to shoot arrows is called quinga, possibly also cú if the latter term is used as in Sindarin).

caita-

verb. to lie (down)

The Quenya verb for “lie” based on the root √KAY of the same meaning (PE17/72; PE22/156). It is a half-strong verb with half-strong past ceantë (PE22/157, 164), but it more commonly uses a strong past caine “lay” (PE17/72; PE22/159; VT48/12) as is often the case for verbs derived from y-roots. This version of the verb is intransitive, but there also seems to be transitive variant caita- “✱lay” with a weak past form caitane (PE22/159); see that entry for discussion.

The verb caita- is not used to describe the location of regions or other flat geographical features like lakes; the verb [ᴹQ.] lat- “spread, extend, be situated” is used for that purpose instead (PE22/126); see that entry for discussion.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. kaita- was a transitive verb with the gloss “to place” under the early root ᴱ√KAYA “lie, rest; dwell” (QL/46). The intransitive verbs in this period were ᴱQ. {kaito- >>} kaima- “lie quiet” < ᴱ√KAYA (QL/46) and ᴱQ. kama- “lie down” < ᴱ√KAMA (QL/44). The Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s had kaita “lie down” (PE14/58), but the first version of the ᴱQ. Oilima Markirya used ᴱQ. kaya- “to lie” (MC/221; PE16/75) and kay- “lie” appeared in Qenya Word-lists from slightly earlier (PE16/132).

Starting in the late 1930s, intransitive “lie” seems to have been only ᴹQ. kaita- (VT27/7; PE22/126).

nár

flame

nár noun "flame", also nárë (NAR1).Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanár(o), Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o added to it). According to PE17:183, nár- is "fire as an element" (a concrete fire or blaze is rather called a ruinë).

nárë

flame

nárë, also short nár, noun "flame" (NAR1, Narqelion). Translated "fire" in some names, see Aicanáro, Fëanáro (where nár apparently has the masculine ending -o, though in the latter name it may also be the genitive ending since Fëa-náro** is translated "Spirit of Fire"). At one point, Tolkien mentioned "nār-" as the word for "fire (as an element)" (PE17:183). Cf. ruinë** as the word for "a fire" (a concrete instance of fire) in the same source.

cúnë

crescent, bow

cúnë _("k")_noun "crescent, bow" (LT1:271). Cf. cú.

tyurmë

noun. cheese

cautáron

bent

cautáron ("k") adj.?"bent" (MC:216; this is "Qenya")

caw-

bow

#caw- vb. "bow" ("k")(1st pers aorist cawin "I bow") (LT1:257; cf. cauca, cauco). In Tolkien's later Quenya, a verbal stem with w in this position does not seem to fit the general phonology well; intervocalic w would become v. We should perhaps read *cav*- whereever the second consonant of the root follows a vowel, but the nasal-infixed past tense could be canwë with the original quality of the consonant preserved. (Compare such a past tense form as anwë, q.v.) However, Tolkiens later verb luhta**- may be preferred for intransitive "bow".

coron

mound

coron (1) noun "mound" (SA); Coron Oiolairë ("Koron"), place-name: the "Mound of Eversummer" where the Two Trees grew. Also contracted Corollairë (WJ:401) and Corlairë (MR:107); both are spelt with an initial k in the sources.

coron

noun. mound, mound; [ᴹQ.] globe, ball

A word glossed “mound” in the name Q. Koron Oiolaire “Mound Ever-summer” in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 (SA/coron; WJ/401). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, ᴹQ. koron was glossed “globe, ball” and was derived from the root ᴹ√KOR “round” (Ety/KOR). If this was its primary meaning, then perhaps it could also refer to round hills as hemispheres. In The Etymologies, its stem form was korn- as indicated by its (Middle Quenya) genitive kornen, likely the result of the Quenya syncope; the same reduction in inflected forms may have applied to the later version of the word as well.

hahta

noun. heap

heap, piled mound

luhta-

to bow

luhta- (2) vb. "to bow" (VT47:35); this intransitive verb can be distinguished from luhta- "enchant" above, since #1 is transitive and will always have a direct object, something #2 never has.

numba

bent, humped

numba adj. "bent, humped" (PE17:168)

náva

adjective. hollow

quinga

bow

quinga ("q")noun "bow" (for shooting) (KWIG, LT1:256)

ronta

hollow

ronta adj.? noun? "hollow" (also rotwa) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

rotwa

hollow

rotwa adj.? noun? "hollow" (also ronta) (LT2:347. In Tolkien's later Quenya, the preferred words for "hollow" are unqua adj. and unquë noun.)

tyur

cheese

tyur noun "cheese" (QL:50 cf. GL:28)

unqua

hollow

unqua ("q")adj. "hollow" (UNUK)

velca

flame

velca ("k") noun "flame" (LT1:260; nár, nárë would be the normal word in Tolkien's later Quenya)

ñgothō

noun. foe

PQ. foe

khay-

verb. to lie (down)

A verb appearing only as akhaini “lay” in the first draft of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/312). In later versions of the Lament it was change to the verb yad- “to go”, but since this replacement has a different sense, perhaps khay- remains valid.

This verb is only attested in the form akhaina “lay” and like all the draft verbs is difficult to analyze. Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne analyze its initial element as the 3rd-singular pronominal suffix a- and its final element -ni as a past tense marker (VSH/34, 37), also suggesting it may be derived from the Elvish root √KAY “lie (down)” (AAD/10). This Elvish derivation seems likely to me, but I think the form of the verb may instead be the draft-perfect.

Thorsten Renk suggested (NBA/35) the verb stem may instead be khain-. While he could be right about its use in the draft Adûnaic language, this doesn’t fit the later phonetic rules of Lowdham’s Report, which allow only long diphthongs in Classical Adûnaic (SD/423).

ñgothō

noun. foe

This primitive word is attested in the form ñgothō as part of a later version of the ancient name of Morgoth, but it difficult to reconcile with attested derivatives. It would have produced S. ✱goth instead of attested coth and Q. ñotho instead of attested kotumo. It probably also means that the root ᴹ√KOT(H) and all of its derivatives would need to be altered to have an initial ✶ñg-.

Rather than eliminate all of these derivatives, this entry uses the unattested form ✶kottō as the primitive word for "foe".

kuldā

adjective. hollow

nābā

noun. hollow

kottō Reconstructed

noun. foe

lú

noun. bow

hāda

noun. heap

heap, piled mound

nôf

adjective. hollow

cogn

noun. bow

Primitive form given as kuȜnâ, derived from KUȜ "bow" (LR:365); it is probable that ku3nâ was originally an adjective "bow-shaped", since -nâ is predominantly an adjectival ending. As for Ȝ (spirant g) becoming a plosive g, compare garma.