@@@ per Lokyt must be primitive because we don't see mt < nt
Primitive elvish
tāna
adjective. high
ad(a)
preposition. and, alongside
as(a)
preposition. and
ata
suffix. numerative dual ending
ban
root. meet, come up against
ban
root. beauty (due to lack of fault or blemish), fair, beautiful
bāta-
verb. to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid
han
root. add to, increase, enhance, honour (espec. by gift), add to, increase, enhance, honour (especially by gift), extend, enhance, enrich, add to, give
tam
root. construct
tawĭnā
adjective. wood
tañkā
adjective. firm, firm, fixed
thangā
noun. throng, crowd, press
(n)dor
root. land, hard, firm
abta
verb. refuse, deny, say no
aikwā
adjective. steep, tall
alkwā
noun. swan
amtā
noun. amtā
anad
root. long, far
anak
adverb. against, opposite
andā
adjective. long, far
anga
root. iron
angā
noun. iron
ankā
noun. jaws, (animal’s) mouth, *[ᴹ✶] row of teeth
annā
noun. gift
anār
noun. Sun
aran
root. good, excellent, noble
atar
noun. father
atta
cardinal. two
bani
adjective. fair
ektā
verb. prick with a sharp point, stab
khan
root. back
pata
noun. ford, track, road, way
stal
root. strong
tankātā-
verb. to make firm, fix
tañkas-
verb. become firm, settle down
airō
noun. ocean
amtā-
verb. to enlarge, increase
antā-
verb. to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, *[ᴹ✶] present
arātā
adjective. high, lofty, noble
atata
root. two, *[ᴹ√] again, *back
ayanā
verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy
ba(n)
root. meet, come up against, go (away), *go, *[ᴹ√] proceed
banya
adjective. beautiful
dankĭna
adjective. slain
tañkatā-
verb. to make firm, fix, confirm
ámān
place name. Unmarred State
áyan
noun. holy thing or object or place
ā
particle. imperative
ān(a)
affix. subjective genitive
(a)man
root. good, blessed, holy, unmarred
ambuna
adjective. hilly
and(ă)
adverb/conjunction. moreover, to go on further, to say more
ap’lata
noun. prohibition, refusal
as’tāră
noun. faith, loyalty
at
root. two, double, bi-, di-, back, re-, across, over, lying from side to side, *[ᴹ√] again, *twice, *[ᴱ√] dual, *[√] across
at-kwet
verb. answer
atatya
adjective. double
aya(n)
root. blessed, treat with awe/reverence, *[ᴱ√] honour, *revere
barani
adjective. russet, brown
bel
root. *strong
bākwet-
verb. to refuse, prohibit, say no
camta-
verb. to (make) fit, suit, accomodate, adapt
delya-
verb. walk, go, proceed, travel
del¹
root. walk, go, proceed, travelThis root appears in the “Quendi and Eldar” essay from 1959-60 with the sense “walk, go, proceed, travel” (WJ/360). Its derivatives S. Edhel “Elf”, Q. †Eldo blended with Elda “Elf”, both originally with the sense “one who goes” (✶edelō): those who left lake Cuiviénen to travel to Valinor. It is also the basis of several words meaning “to go”: T. delia- and Q. lelya-.
Many of Quenya derivatives of this root actually derive from an inversion √LED of the original √DEL. According to the “Quendi and Eldar” essay, this inversion only occurred in Quenya (WJ/363). In earlier writings like The Etymologies, however, ᴹ√LED “go, fare, travel” was the basic root in all languages. It seems that Tolkien revised ᴹ√LED >> √DEL¹, preserving √LED only as a Quenya variant. The strongest sign of this change was Tolkien’s consistent alteration of N. Eledh >> S. Edhel.
This leave open the question of what happened to the other non-Quenya derivatives of ᴹ√LED, such as S. edlen(n) “exile”. It is possible that they were transfered to √LEN “way”, which was the basis for S. lembas “way bread”.
laŋna
adverb. athwart
mahtā-
verb. to handle, wield, manage, deal with
otsoya
ordinal. 7th
stŏna-
noun. pine
syandō
noun. cleaver, sword, hewer
ʒandā
adjective. long
(a)tata
cardinal. two
-ā
suffix. adjectival
-ā̆
suffix. active verbal suffix
ad(a)
root. by (the side of), beside, alongside, against, opposed to, opposite
ai
adverb. supposing
ak
root. narrow, confined
ak
root. hostile return
ak
root. hostile return
am²
root. go up, [ᴹ√] up
am¹
root. mother
ap-pata
verb. to walk behind on a track or path
ar
root. beyond, further than, outside, beside, along side, *[ᴱ√] spread, *extend sideways
ara
adjective. beyond, further than
arat/aran
root. good, excellent, noble
arn(a)-
prefix. noble, royal
artaurē
noun. Realm
as²
root. beside
as¹
root. warmth
at
prefix. once again
aw
root. possess, own, keep (have in hand, use or with one)@@@ revisit: this root is questionable given WĀ/AWA
balaniā
noun. Balaniā
ber
root. to mate, be mated, joined in marriageIn earlier writings, the root of marriage-related words appeared as either √BES and √BED. The later forms Q. veru “husband” and Q. veri “wife” (VT49/45) could have been derived from either root, since both ✶[d] and ✶[s] became Q. [r] between vowels. If, however, we wish to preserve other derivatives of the earlier roots, which include some very important Noldorin/Sindarin words, the only reasonable option is to use √BES. @@@
bē
preposition. as, like
imbĭ
preposition. between
kantaya
ordinal. 4th
kun
root. lord, to leadThis root appears the Etymologies in the extended form ᴹ√KUNDU, from which ᴹQ. †kundu, N. †cunn “prince” and N. Felagund “Lord of Caves” were derived. In later writings (PE17/113, 117), Tolkien explored the possibility of connecting Felagund to the names of Fingon and Turgon, deriving all three from a primitive form ✶kondō (<< ✶kundō) and using a new form of this root: √KON (<< √KUN). He even went so far as to change the first of these names to Felegond with an “o” (PE17/118).
However, in still later writings (PM/345), Tolkien established that the element -gon “lord” in S. Fingon and Turgon was ultimately derived from Q. cáno “commander”. In the same text, he revised the etymology of S. Felagund so that it was derived from a Khuzdul name Kh. Felakgundu “Cave-hewer” (PM/352), as described in The Silmarillion index (SI/Felagund). These revisions make it likely that Tolkien abandoned the form √KON.
The later status of earlier √KUN is unclear, however. √KUN might have been rejected along with √KON, or Tolkien may have restored it. As evidence of its restoration, †cund remained as an element in two older (Sindarin?) names: Baragund and Belegund. Furthermore, its Quenya derivative Q. cundo appears as an element in the later name Q. Carma-cundo, albiet with a new gloss “guardian”.
If we accept the restoration of √KUN, its Quenya derivative cundo “prince, lord, guardian” could be considered valid, possibly along with the verb cunya- “to rule”. Its Sindarin derivative †cund “prince” should probably be considered archaic, however, replaced by the time of the Third Age with caun¹.
thangasyandō
proper name. throng-cleaver, throng-hewer
abar(o)
noun. refuser, recusant, one who refuses to act as advised or commanded
akkal-
verb. to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly
aklar(a)
noun. radiance, brilliance, glory
ama
root. addition, increase, plus
ambu(na)
adjective. *hilly
-ai
suffix. plural of adjectives
-da
suffix. motion to or towards a point, allative suffix
-dā
suffix. product of an action
-vā
suffix. possessive, adjectival
-ı̯ā
suffix. present participle
ada
root. alongside, by the side of, beside, alongside, by, by, beside, alongside
aika-nār-
masculine name. Fell Fire
aklāra
adjective. brilliant, glorious
al(a)
root. good (physically), blessed, fortunate, prosperous, health(y)
am-
prefix. intensive prefix
ari
root. good, excellent, noble
au-
prefix. au-
awā
adverb. away
bal
root. power, powerful, mighty, have power
dal
root. bottom, ground, *[ᴹ√] flat@@@ might survive as a Quenya-only inversion of √LAD, as basis for lára “flat”
dat
root. fall down, fall to ground
day
root. great
day
root. *great
etkuiwē
noun. awakening
kab
root. hold, contain, retain, hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand
lat
root. at ground level, low; lowlying, low, at ground level, low, at ground level, lowlying, open, unenclosed, free to entry
law
root. flourish (green), grow
mis
root. wet
misik
root. wet
nar
root. fire, fire, flame
nay
root. cause bitter grief or pain, cause bitter grief or pain, lament
nid
root. force, press(ure), thrust
rat²
root. tower up
raw
root. roar
rik
root. put forth effort, strive, endeavour, strive, try
run
root. red, glowing
sab
root. believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact
sar
root. score, incise, score, incise; write, write
tor
root. secrete, hide
ăwă
preposition. from
mazgō/ŭ
noun. sticky substance
ab(a)sene-
verb. ab(a)sene-
ala-ā-mene
noun. ala-ā-mene
niñkwitā-
verb. make white, whiten
skalatirnō̆
noun. fish watcher
-ayā
suffix. present continuative
-b(iy)ē
suffix. -ing
aba-
verb. refuse, forbid
abar
noun. a refuser, recusant, one who refuses to act as advised or commanded, refuser
airē
noun. holiness, sanctity
akas
root. neck, ridge
aktō
noun. artificer, *[ᴹ✶] maker, *wright
akwā
adverb. fully, completely, altogether, wholly
alab
root. elm
alak
root. rushing, *[ᴹ√] swift
amal
noun. mother
amba
?. more
ambō
noun. hill
aras(sō)
noun. hart
arat
root. good, excellent, noble
asa-
suffix. *beside
auri
noun. heat, period of sun
awa-
prefix. away
bali(a)nōrē
proper name. Valian folk
bā/aba
root. refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), *[ᴹ√] deny, *away, *go away, *depart
delya
adjective. lovely, fine, beautiful
del²
root. fair
dāra
adjective. wise
dē/lē
preposition. with
khay
root. far, distant, remote
khot
root. gather, gather, (gather) together in confusion/jumble, gather, together in confusion, gather, together in confusion, jumble
m(b)as
root. bake
ndol
root. head
niñkwi
adjective. white, pale
phin
root. clever, skillful, neat, fine, delicate, skill, dexterity, skillful, neat, clever
skal
root. cover, conceal, cover, veil, cloak, conceal
spar
root. hunt, hunt, pursue
syad
root. compress
wĭnĭ
noun. child not yet full grown
áse
noun. sunlight
ñar
root. by, beside, near
akla-
verb. to shine out, flash
aklari(n)kwā
adjective. full of glory
suk/sok
root. drain, drink, drink, gulp, quaff, drain
wis
root. alter, alter, change, shift, change, alter(nate)
(o)los/r
root. dream, vision, sleep
-(a)lē
suffix. abstract noun, adverb
-(a)rē
suffix. abstract noun
abaro
noun. refuser
am(a)
adverb/conjunction. moreover, furthermore, to proceed
ambar
noun. the settlement
arphō
noun. seizer, thief
arthā
?. arthā
athmō
noun. good companion
aurĭ-
noun. heat, period of sun
aw’tha
noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition
aþra-
verb. to cross (to and fro)
barad
root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty
baradā
adjective. Varda
baras
root. height combined with strength/majesty, height combined with strength/size/majesty
baras
root. height combined with strength/majesty
barat
root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty
barathī
noun. queen
daira
adjective. large, great
delkā
adjective. dense
delwa
adjective. thick (of a single thing)
g-lada-
verb. laugh
galam
root. elm
kuldā
adjective. hollow
kyelekā
adjective. hasty
lepet
root. finger
meldā
adjective. dear, beloved
or-lā
preposition. over
rik(h)
root. twist
skala
noun. fish
ungu-
root. spider word
wened
root. maiden, girl, virgin
yul
root. drink
áwa-
verb. áwa-
ñgay
root. gape, become wide, open, vast
(a)lak
root. rushing
(au)be
adverb. not so
(m)beleke
adjective. mighty, large, great, big
aklara
noun. glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance, glory
ammat-
verb. to devour, eat up
asmarō
noun. *neighbor
at(ar)
root. father
aumat-
verb. to devour, eat up
awā-da
adverb. awā-da
aþayā
noun. beneficial‽
barath
root. height combined with strength/size/majesty
bor(on)
root. endure
dalath
noun. deep valley or valley enclosed with woods
em
root. depict, portray
kot(h)
root. strive, quarrelThere is evidence that the later form of this root may have been √ÑGOTH. See ✶kottō for a discussion.
Another variation, √KHOT “be wroth, quarrel; hate” appears in notes on root formations (PE18/62, 85, 87), but its only derivative ✶ok(h)tā could just as easily come from √KOT(H).
In order to retain all the derivatives from the Etymologies, this lexicon assumes that the root form remains √KOTH.
kwel
root. fade (away), die away, grow faint, fade, die away, grow faint, wither
o-men-
verb. move to a common point, meet
riñgi
adjective. chill
teler-
noun. Teleri
weg-tē
noun. activity, occupation
árātō
noun. lord
awādelo
noun. awādelo
gal(ab)
root. flower
wil
root. fly, float in air
ke
root. may (be)
phal(as)
root. foam, splash
yuyuŋal
noun. twilight
reth/res
root. remain in same place
-yē
suffix. abstract noun, adverb
aba-kar ā
don’t do it
aw(a)delo
noun. aw(a)delo
buzbu
root. *large fly
buzbō
noun. large fly
niñkwis-
verb. (begin to) grow pale
arāt-chír
masculine name. Noble Lord
ber
root. to mate, be mated, joined in marriageIn earlier writings, the root of marriage-related words appeared as either √BES and √BED. The later forms Q. veru “husband” and Q. veri “wife” (VT49/45) could have been derived from either root, since both ✶[d] and ✶[s] became Q. [r] between vowels. If, however, we wish to preserve other derivatives of this root, the only reasonable option is √BES. @@@
srag/srak
root. awkward, hard, difficult
ur
root. heat, be hot
kub
root. hide, secrete
os
root. making a hissing foaming noise
kim
root. edge, brink of
dede
pronoun. 2nd person dual
der
root. hard, difficult
ros
root. spindrift, spray
ugu/umu
root. expressing privation
skor
root. rough, marred, unequal or unsymmetrical in shape
wē̆
preposition. 2nd person plural inclusive pronoun
hō
adverb. from [?being] {near, behind, past[?] >>} as described[?] by a [?genitive], from, coming from, as described by a genitive
de
pronoun. you (pl.)
* tirnō̆
noun. watcher
* bar
root. [ᴹ√] raise, uplift, save, rescue(?)
* askōlimā
adjective. equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able
* askō
noun. bone
* benet
root. chin
* srō
root. east
* balad
root. *worth, value
* kottō
noun. foeThis primitive word is attested in the form ñgothō as part of a later version of the ancient name of Morgoth, but it difficult to reconcile with attested derivatives. It would have produced S. *goth instead of attested coth and Q. ñotho instead of attested kotumo. It probably also means that the root ᴹ√KOT(H) and all of its derivatives would need to be altered to have an initial ✶ñg-.
Rather than eliminate all of these derivatives, this lexicon uses the unattested form ✶kottō as the primitive word for "foe".
* yulnā
adjective. drunk
* belu
root. unroll
* bes
root. to wed
In the Etymologies, the word for “craftsman, smith” was ᴹQ. tano, N. *tân as in N. Cirdan “Shipbuilder”, both from the root ᴹ√TAN “make, fashion”. In later writings, Tolkien changed √TAN >> √TAM “construct” and the Quenya form tano >> tamo “smith” (PE17/107-108), possibly due to conflict with a new root √TAN² “show, indicate”. That this change was lasting is supported by the appearance of the form Q. Martamo as a title of Aulë in a “very late note” (LT1A/Talka Marda), as opposed to the form ᴹQ. Martan(o) in the Etymologies (Ety/TAN).
However, √TAM would have produced S. *tav, and Tolkien wanted to retain the name Círdan. On PE17/108, he indicated that √TAN became the usual Sindarin form of the root, owing to the influence of √PAN “arrange, set in order”. Thus, the Sindarin development would have been √TAM > ✶tan- > tân, lenited in S. Círdan and S. calardan “lampwright”, whose plural appears in The Lord of the Rings as part of S. Rath Celerdain “Lampwrights’ Street”.