tāna

adjective. high

ad(a)

preposition. and, alongside

as(a)

preposition. and

ata

suffix. numerative dual ending

ban

root. meet, come up against

ban

root. beauty (due to lack of fault or blemish), fair, beautiful

bāta-

verb. to ban, prohibit, refuse, forbid

han

root. add to, increase, enhance, honour (espec. by gift), add to, increase, enhance, honour (especially by gift), extend, enhance, enrich, add to, give

tam

root. construct

In the Etymologies, the word for “craftsman, smith” was ᴹQ. tano, N. *tân as in N. Cirdan “Shipbuilder”, both from the root ᴹ√TAN “make, fashion”. In later writings, Tolkien changed √TAN >> √TAM “construct” and the Quenya form tano >> tamo “smith” (PE17/107-108), possibly due to conflict with a new root √TAN² “show, indicate”. That this change was lasting is supported by the appearance of the form Q. Martamo as a title of Aulë in a “very late note” (LT1A/Talka Marda), as opposed to the form ᴹQ. Martan(o) in the Etymologies (Ety/TAN).

However, √TAM would have produced S. *tav, and Tolkien wanted to retain the name Círdan. On PE17/108, he indicated that √TAN became the usual Sindarin form of the root, owing to the influence of √PAN “arrange, set in order”. Thus, the Sindarin development would have been √TAM > ✶tan- > tân, lenited in S. Círdan and S. calardan “lampwright”, whose plural appears in The Lord of the Rings as part of S. Rath Celerdain “Lampwrights’ Street”.

tawĭnā

adjective. wood

tañkā

adjective. firm, firm, fixed

thangā

noun. throng, crowd, press

(n)dor

root. land, hard, firm

abta

verb. refuse, deny, say no

aikwā

adjective. steep, tall

alkwā

noun. swan

amtā

noun. amtā

anad

root. long, far

anak

adverb. against, opposite

andā

adjective. long, far

anga

root. iron

angā

noun. iron

ankā

noun. jaws, (animal’s) mouth, *[ᴹ✶] row of teeth

annā

noun. gift

anār

noun. Sun

aran

root. good, excellent, noble

atar

noun. father

atta

cardinal. two

bani

adjective. fair

ektā

verb. prick with a sharp point, stab

khan

root. back

pata

noun. ford, track, road, way

stal

root. strong

tankātā-

verb. to make firm, fix

tañkas-

verb. become firm, settle down

airō

noun. ocean

amtā-

verb. to enlarge, increase

antā-

verb. to give, cause a thing/person to go to an object, send, *[ᴹ✶] present

arātā

adjective. high, lofty, noble

atata

root. two, *[ᴹ√] again, *back

ayanā

verb. to hallow, bless, treat as holy

ba(n)

root. meet, come up against, go (away), *go, *[ᴹ√] proceed

banya

adjective. beautiful

dankĭna

adjective. slain

tañkatā-

verb. to make firm, fix, confirm

ámān

place name. Unmarred State

áyan

noun. holy thing or object or place

ā

particle. imperative

ān(a)

affix. subjective genitive

(a)man

root. good, blessed, holy, unmarred

ambuna

adjective. hilly

and(ă)

adverb/conjunction. moreover, to go on further, to say more

ap’lata

noun. prohibition, refusal

as’tāră

noun. faith, loyalty

at

root. two, double, bi-, di-, back, re-, across, over, lying from side to side, *[ᴹ√] again, *twice, *[ᴱ√] dual, *[√] across

at-kwet

verb. answer

atatya

adjective. double

aya(n)

root. blessed, treat with awe/reverence, *[ᴱ√] honour, *revere

barani

adjective. russet, brown

bel

root. *strong

bākwet-

verb. to refuse, prohibit, say no

camta-

verb. to (make) fit, suit, accomodate, adapt

@@@ per Lokyt must be primitive because we don't see mt < nt

delya-

verb. walk, go, proceed, travel

del¹

root. walk, go, proceed, travel

This root appears in the “Quendi and Eldar” essay from 1959-60 with the sense “walk, go, proceed, travel” (WJ/360). Its derivatives S. Edhel “Elf”, Q. †Eldo blended with Elda “Elf”, both originally with the sense “one who goes” (✶edelō): those who left lake Cuiviénen to travel to Valinor. It is also the basis of several words meaning “to go”: T. delia- and Q. lelya-.

Many of Quenya derivatives of this root actually derive from an inversion √LED of the original √DEL. According to the “Quendi and Eldar” essay, this inversion only occurred in Quenya (WJ/363). In earlier writings like The Etymologies, however, ᴹ√LED “go, fare, travel” was the basic root in all languages. It seems that Tolkien revised ᴹ√LED >> √DEL¹, preserving √LED only as a Quenya variant. The strongest sign of this change was Tolkien’s consistent alteration of N. Eledh >> S. Edhel.

This leave open the question of what happened to the other non-Quenya derivatives of ᴹ√LED, such as S. edlen(n) “exile”. It is possible that they were transfered to √LEN “way”, which was the basis for S. lembas “way bread”.

laŋna

adverb. athwart

mahtā-

verb. to handle, wield, manage, deal with

otsoya

ordinal. 7th

stŏna-

noun. pine

syandō

noun. cleaver, sword, hewer

ʒandā

adjective. long

(a)tata

cardinal. two

-ā

suffix. adjectival

-ā̆

suffix. active verbal suffix

ad(a)

root. by (the side of), beside, alongside, against, opposed to, opposite

ai

adverb. supposing

ak

root. narrow, confined

ak

root. hostile return

ak

root. hostile return

am²

root. go up, [ᴹ√] up

am¹

root. mother

ap-pata

verb. to walk behind on a track or path

ar

root. beyond, further than, outside, beside, along side, *[ᴱ√] spread, *extend sideways

ara

adjective. beyond, further than

arat/aran

root. good, excellent, noble

arn(a)-

prefix. noble, royal

artaurē

noun. Realm

as²

root. beside

as¹

root. warmth

at

prefix. once again

aw

root. possess, own, keep (have in hand, use or with one)

@@@ revisit: this root is questionable given WĀ/AWA

balaniā

noun. Balaniā

ber

root. to mate, be mated, joined in marriage

In earlier writings, the root of marriage-related words appeared as either √BES and √BED. The later forms Q. veru “husband” and Q. veri “wife” (VT49/45) could have been derived from either root, since both ✶[d] and ✶[s] became Q. [r] between vowels. If, however, we wish to preserve other derivatives of the earlier roots, which include some very important Noldorin/Sindarin words, the only reasonable option is to use √BES. @@@

bē

preposition. as, like

imbĭ

preposition. between

kantaya

ordinal. 4th

kun

root. lord, to lead

This root appears the Etymologies in the extended form ᴹ√KUNDU, from which ᴹQ. †kundu, N. †cunn “prince” and N. Felagund “Lord of Caves” were derived. In later writings (PE17/113, 117), Tolkien explored the possibility of connecting Felagund to the names of Fingon and Turgon, deriving all three from a primitive form ✶kondō (<< ✶kundō) and using a new form of this root: √KON (<< √KUN). He even went so far as to change the first of these names to Felegond with an “o” (PE17/118).

However, in still later writings (PM/345), Tolkien established that the element -gon “lord” in S. Fingon and Turgon was ultimately derived from Q. cáno “commander”. In the same text, he revised the etymology of S. Felagund so that it was derived from a Khuzdul name Kh. Felakgundu “Cave-hewer” (PM/352), as described in The Silmarillion index (SI/Felagund). These revisions make it likely that Tolkien abandoned the form √KON.

The later status of earlier √KUN is unclear, however. √KUN might have been rejected along with √KON, or Tolkien may have restored it. As evidence of its restoration, †cund remained as an element in two older (Sindarin?) names: Baragund and Belegund. Furthermore, its Quenya derivative Q. cundo appears as an element in the later name Q. Carma-cundo, albiet with a new gloss “guardian”.

If we accept the restoration of √KUN, its Quenya derivative cundo “prince, lord, guardian” could be considered valid, possibly along with the verb cunya- “to rule”. Its Sindarin derivative †cund “prince” should probably be considered archaic, however, replaced by the time of the Third Age with caun¹.

thangasyandō

proper name. throng-cleaver, throng-hewer

abar(o)

noun. refuser, recusant, one who refuses to act as advised or commanded

akkal-

verb. to blaze, shine (suddenly and) brilliantly

aklar(a)

noun. radiance, brilliance, glory

ama

root. addition, increase, plus

ambu(na)

adjective. *hilly

-ai

suffix. plural of adjectives

-da

suffix. motion to or towards a point, allative suffix

-dā

suffix. product of an action

-vā

suffix. possessive, adjectival

-ı̯ā

suffix. present participle

ada

root. alongside, by the side of, beside, alongside, by, by, beside, alongside

aika-nār-

masculine name. Fell Fire

aklāra

adjective. brilliant, glorious

al(a)

root. good (physically), blessed, fortunate, prosperous, health(y)

am-

prefix. intensive prefix

ari

root. good, excellent, noble

au-

prefix. au-

awā

adverb. away

bal

root. power, powerful, mighty, have power

dal

root. bottom, ground, *[ᴹ√] flat

@@@ might survive as a Quenya-only inversion of √LAD, as basis for lára “flat”

dat

root. fall down, fall to ground

day

root. great

day

root. *great

etkuiwē

noun. awakening

kab

root. hold, contain, retain, hold, contain, retain, possess, have in hand

lat

root. at ground level, low; lowlying, low, at ground level, low, at ground level, lowlying, open, unenclosed, free to entry

law

root. flourish (green), grow

mis

root. wet

misik

root. wet

nar

root. fire, fire, flame

nay

root. cause bitter grief or pain, cause bitter grief or pain, lament

nid

root. force, press(ure), thrust

rat²

root. tower up

raw

root. roar

rik

root. put forth effort, strive, endeavour, strive, try

run

root. red, glowing

sab

root. believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact

sar

root. score, incise, score, incise; write, write

tor

root. secrete, hide

ăwă

preposition. from

mazgō/ŭ

noun. sticky substance

ab(a)sene-

verb. ab(a)sene-

ala-ā-mene

noun. ala-ā-mene

niñkwitā-

verb. make white, whiten

skalatirnō̆

noun. fish watcher

-ayā

suffix. present continuative

-b(iy)ē

suffix. -ing

aba-

verb. refuse, forbid

abar

noun. a refuser, recusant, one who refuses to act as advised or commanded, refuser

airē

noun. holiness, sanctity

akas

root. neck, ridge

aktō

noun. artificer, *[ᴹ✶] maker, *wright

akwā

adverb. fully, completely, altogether, wholly

alab

root. elm

alak

root. rushing, *[ᴹ√] swift

amal

noun. mother

amba

?. more

ambō

noun. hill

aras(sō)

noun. hart

arat

root. good, excellent, noble

asa-

suffix. *beside

auri

noun. heat, period of sun

awa-

prefix. away

bali(a)nōrē

proper name. Valian folk

bā/aba

root. refuse, forbid, prohibit, say nay (in refusal or denial), *[ᴹ√] deny, *away, *go away, *depart

delya

adjective. lovely, fine, beautiful

del²

root. fair

dāra

adjective. wise

dē/lē

preposition. with

khay

root. far, distant, remote

khot

root. gather, gather, (gather) together in confusion/jumble, gather, together in confusion, gather, together in confusion, jumble

m(b)as

root. bake

ndol

root. head

niñkwi

adjective. white, pale

phin

root. clever, skillful, neat, fine, delicate, skill, dexterity, skillful, neat, clever

skal

root. cover, conceal, cover, veil, cloak, conceal

spar

root. hunt, hunt, pursue

syad

root. compress

wĭnĭ

noun. child not yet full grown

áse

noun. sunlight

ñar

root. by, beside, near

akla-

verb. to shine out, flash

aklari(n)kwā

adjective. full of glory

suk/sok

root. drain, drink, drink, gulp, quaff, drain

wis

root. alter, alter, change, shift, change, alter(nate)

(o)los/r

root. dream, vision, sleep

-(a)lē

suffix. abstract noun, adverb

-(a)rē

suffix. abstract noun

abaro

noun. refuser

am(a)

adverb/conjunction. moreover, furthermore, to proceed

ambar

noun. the settlement

arphō

noun. seizer, thief

arthā

?. arthā

athmō

noun. good companion

aurĭ-

noun. heat, period of sun

aw’tha

noun. a dim shape, spectral or vague apparition

aþra-

verb. to cross (to and fro)

barad

root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty

baradā

adjective. Varda

baras

root. height combined with strength/majesty, height combined with strength/size/majesty

baras

root. height combined with strength/majesty

barat

root. lofty, high, height combined with strength/size/majesty

barathī

noun. queen

daira

adjective. large, great

delkā

adjective. dense

delwa

adjective. thick (of a single thing)

g-lada-

verb. laugh

galam

root. elm

kuldā

adjective. hollow

kyelekā

adjective. hasty

lepet

root. finger

meldā

adjective. dear, beloved

or-lā

preposition. over

rik(h)

root. twist

skala

noun. fish

ungu-

root. spider word

wened

root. maiden, girl, virgin

yul

root. drink

áwa-

verb. áwa-

ñgay

root. gape, become wide, open, vast

(a)lak

root. rushing

(au)be

adverb. not so

(m)beleke

adjective. mighty, large, great, big

aklara

noun. glory, splendour, radiance, brilliance, glory

ammat-

verb. to devour, eat up

asmarō

noun. *neighbor

at(ar)

root. father

aumat-

verb. to devour, eat up

awā-da

adverb. awā-da

aþayā

noun. beneficial‽

barath

root. height combined with strength/size/majesty

bor(on)

root. endure

dalath

noun. deep valley or valley enclosed with woods

em

root. depict, portray

kot(h)

root. strive, quarrel

There is evidence that the later form of this root may have been √ÑGOTH. See ✶kottō for a discussion.

Another variation, √KHOT “be wroth, quarrel; hate” appears in notes on root formations (PE18/62, 85, 87), but its only derivative ✶ok(h)tā could just as easily come from √KOT(H).

In order to retain all the derivatives from the Etymologies, this lexicon assumes that the root form remains √KOTH.

kwel

root. fade (away), die away, grow faint, fade, die away, grow faint, wither

o-men-

verb. move to a common point, meet

riñgi

adjective. chill

teler-

noun. Teleri

weg-tē

noun. activity, occupation

árātō

noun. lord

awādelo

noun. awādelo

gal(ab)

root. flower

wil

root. fly, float in air

ke

root. may (be)

phal(as)

root. foam, splash

yuyuŋal

noun. twilight

reth/res

root. remain in same place

-yē

suffix. abstract noun, adverb

aba-kar ā

don’t do it

aw(a)delo

noun. aw(a)delo

buzbu

root. *large fly

buzbō

noun. large fly

niñkwis-

verb. (begin to) grow pale

arāt-chír

masculine name. Noble Lord

ber

root. to mate, be mated, joined in marriage

In earlier writings, the root of marriage-related words appeared as either √BES and √BED. The later forms Q. veru “husband” and Q. veri “wife” (VT49/45) could have been derived from either root, since both ✶[d] and ✶[s] became Q. [r] between vowels. If, however, we wish to preserve other derivatives of this root, the only reasonable option is √BES. @@@

srag/srak

root. awkward, hard, difficult

ur

root. heat, be hot

kub

root. hide, secrete

os

root. making a hissing foaming noise

kim

root. edge, brink of

dede

pronoun. 2nd person dual

der

root. hard, difficult

ros

root. spindrift, spray

ugu/umu

root. expressing privation

skor

root. rough, marred, unequal or unsymmetrical in shape

wē̆

preposition. 2nd person plural inclusive pronoun

hō

adverb. from [?being] {near, behind, past[?] >>} as described[?] by a [?genitive], from, coming from, as described by a genitive

de

pronoun. you (pl.)

* tirnō̆

noun. watcher

* bar

root. [ᴹ√] raise, uplift, save, rescue(?)

* askōlimā

adjective. equivalent, (lit.) beside-bear-able

* askō

noun. bone

* benet

root. chin

* srō

root. east

* balad

root. *worth, value

* kottō

noun. foe

This primitive word is attested in the form ñgothō as part of a later version of the ancient name of Morgoth, but it difficult to reconcile with attested derivatives. It would have produced S. *goth instead of attested coth and Q. ñotho instead of attested kotumo. It probably also means that the root ᴹ√KOT(H) and all of its derivatives would need to be altered to have an initial ✶ñg-.

Rather than eliminate all of these derivatives, this lexicon uses the unattested form ✶kottō as the primitive word for "foe".

* yulnā

adjective. drunk

* belu

root. unroll

* bes

root. to wed