oro-

rise

oro- (2) vb. "rise" (LT1:256; Tolkien's later Quenya has orta-, but cf. oro #1)

orta-

rise

orta- vb. "rise", also transitive "raise, lift up", pa.t. ortanë (Nam, RGEO:67, ORO; misreading "ortani" in Letters:426). According to PE17:63-64, this pa.t. form ortanë is only transitive ("raised"), whereas the intransitive pa.t. ("rose") is orontë. Cf. orya-.

orya-

rise

orya- vb. "rise" (intrasitive only, contrast orta-), pa.t. oronyë (PE17:64)

orta/orya

verb. rise

orta-

verb. to rise

Tolkien defined an intransitive verb orta- “to rise” based on the root √OR “rise”, first mentioned in The Etymologies of the 1930s where Tolkien had ᴹQ. orta- glossed both transitive “raise” and intransitive “rise” (Ety/ORO). This intransitive verb reappeared in the Quenya Verbal System of 1948 as ta-formative ort(a), contrasted with ta-causative ᴹQ. ortā́ “raise, lift” = “✱make rise” (PE22/114). In this paradigm, intransitive “rise” was distinguished from transitive “raise” mainly in its half-strong past tense oronte “rose” (or archaic †ronte), as opposed weak past ortane “raised, lifted” (PE22/115).

In QVS, Tolkien gave another intransitive verb ᴹQ. orya-, and said “to avoid the confusion with the causatives -ya was preferred for intransitives: so oryane, rose, ortane, raised” (PE22/115). This seems to indicate orya- “rise” was preferred. Despite this, intransitive orta- “rise” continued to appear in Tolkien later writings (PE17/52, 64; PE21/77; PE22/164) as an alternate to orya- “rise”, which appeared regularly as well (see that entry for details).

Conceptual Development: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer the more distinctive verb orya- for “rise”, and I use orta- only for transitive “raise”. However, some Neo-Quenya writers like the idea of a transitive/intransitive verb distinguished by different past forms. For example Helge Fauskanger used orta- for both “rise” and “raise” in his NQNT (NQNT).

orya-

verb. to rise

An intransitive verb for “to rise” mentioned in various places in Tolkien’s later writings of the 1940s, 50s and 60s, based on the root √OR “rise” (PE17/64; PE22/114, 156). Tolkien usually described it as a ya-formative verb with a half-strong past oronye (PE17/64, 77; PE22/164), though Tolkien occasionally gave it a weak past oryane (PE22/115, 157).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. oro- “rise” based on the early root ᴱ√ORO (QL/70). In a rejected page of verbs and roots from the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) written in 1948, Tolkien had [verb?] ᴹQ. oro, orro “up, rise (from ground)” derived from the root ᴹ√SRŌ (PE22/127), but in the main document he used ya-formative ᴹQ. orya- for “rise” (PE22/114-115), possibly the first appearance of this version of the verb. Tolkien sometimes gave the intransitive Quenya verb for “to rise” as ta-formative orta- with half-strong past oronte; see that entry for discussion.

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I prefer orya- “rise” with half-strong past oronye, and because Tolkien said “-ya was preferred for intransitives” (PE22/115).

ormo

noun. riser

A word for “riser” = “✱one who rises” appearing only as an element in the name Tyelcormo “Hasty-riser” (PM/353). It seems to be an agental form of the root √OR “rise”.

orontë

sunrise

orontë, oronto noun "Sunrise" (LT1:264). Notice that in Tolkiens later Quenya, orontë is also the intransitive pa.t. ("rose") of the verb orta- "rise/raise" (q.v.)

amuntë

sunrise

amuntë noun "sunrise" (LT2:335; Tolkien's later Quenya has anarórë)

anarórë

sunrise

anarórë noun "sunrise" (ORO)

tyulya-

verb. to stand (intr.), rise

orina

adjective. risen

A neologism for “risen” coined by Paul Strack in 2018 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for ᴱQ. amunta “up, risen (of the sun)”, it is simply the passive participle of orya- “rise”.

amorta-

heave

#amorta- vb. "heave" (literally "up-rise, rise up", cf. orta-; the prefix am- means "up"). Only attested as a participleamortala "heaving" in Markirya.

órë

rising

órë (2) noun "rising", anarórë "sunrise" (ORO). Cf. early "Qenya" órë "the dawn, Sunrise, East" (LT1:264). See under Melkor concerning the final element of Melkórë.

amba

adverb. up(wards)

am-

up

am- (1) prefix "up" (AM2)

am-

prefix. up, up, [ᴱQ.] upwards

ama

up

ama adv.? element not glossed, evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am-, or an alternative form of amba (UNU)

amba

up, upwards

amba 1) adv. "up, upwards" (AM2, PE17:157). Apparently also ama (UNU).

amba

adverb. up

amu

up, upwards

amu adv. "up, upwards" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya amba)

ortea

adjective. rising, ascendant

eria-

verb. to rise

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “rise”, appearing as {oria >>} erio [Noldorin-style infinitive forms], derived from ON. {orta- >>} ortie or orie “rise” [Old Noldorin infinitives] under the root ᴹ√ORO “up, rise, high” (Ety/ORO; EtyAC/ORO). The change of e to i from ON. oria- to N. eria- was due to i-affection. This verb had an archaic [ON?] past †oronte “arose” [likely based on ON. orta-], and modern past form of {orias >>} erias, though this modern past was hard to make out in the source document. The suffix -as is the generalized intransitive past tense suffix for Noldorin/Sindarin derived verbs, as opposed to transitive past -ant.

Conceptual Development: There are some words in Early Noldorin word-lists of the 1920s of similar derivation, incuding ᴱN. rhó “to arise” from primitive ᴱ✶roso- (PE13/152) and rhosta- or amrosta- from primitive ᴱ✶-rosi-, unglossed but appearing under ᴱN. amrost “rising” which served as a gerund for these verbs (PE13/159). See the entry for ᴱN./G. amra- for other early verbs meaning “rise, go up”, based instead on ᴱ√AM(U) “up”.

eria-

verb. to rise

ortha-

verb. to raise

am

adverb. up

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

rō/oro

root. up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising

This invertible root had a long history in Tolkien’s writings. Its earliest iteration was as a pair of roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱ√OŘO [OÐO] with derivatives having to do with the “dawn”, which it was much confused with ᴱ√ORO whose derivatives were rising things (QL/70). The latter had derivatives like ᴱQ. orme “summit, crest, hilltop” and ᴱQ. orto- “raise” (QL/70), and Tolkien mentioned an inverted variant ᴱ√RŌ or ᴱ√ROHO with derivatives like ᴱQ. róna- “arise, rise, ascend” (QL/80). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon also gave it as in an invertible root ᴱ√rō-, oro with derivatives like G. oros “rising” and G. ront “high, steep” (GL/63, 66).

The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ORO “up, rise, high” and ᴹ√RŌ “rise” (Ety/ORO, RŌ). The root was mentioned very frequently in his writings from the 1930s, 40s, 50s and 60s, generally glossed “rise” or “up(wards)”. Thus √RŌ/ORO “rise” was very well established in Tolkien’s mind, but distinct ᴱ√OŘO “✱dawn” seems to have been abandoned very early.

orta-

verb. to rise, ascend

orya-

verb. to rise

oro

root. up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount

ortā-

verb. to raise

ortha-

verb. to raise

A verb appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form N. ortho “raise” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from ON. ortóbe under the root ᴹ√ORO “up, rise, high” (Ety/ORO). It had a past form orthant. Its passive participle orthannen “raised” appeared in notes on The Feanorian Alphabet, also from the 1930s (PE22/31). Its gerund form orthad appeared unglossed as part of the title of the one of the great tales of The Silmarillion in notes likely from the 1950s: S. Narn e·Dant Gondolin ar Orthad en·Êl, presumably “✱Tale of the Fall of Gondolin and the Raising of the Star” (MR/373). This last note indicates the ongoing validity of this verb in the Sindarin period of the 1950s and 60s.

eria

rise

eria- (arise) (i eria, in eriar), pa.t. erias (VT46:7)

eria

rise

(arise) (i eria, in eriar), pa.t. **erias **(VT46:7)

amrûn

sunrise

amrûn (orient, east, uprising), pl. emrŷn

amrûn

sunrise

(orient, east, uprising), pl. emrŷn

eriad

noun. rising

A neologism coined by Paul Strack in 2020 specifically for Eldamo as a replacement for early ᴱN./G. orost “rising”. It is simply the gerund of [N.] eria- “to rise”.

am

adverb. up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above

orthad

gerund noun. rising