rassë

horn

rassë, also rasco, noun "horn" (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) (RAS/VT46:10, PM:69)

rassë

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. rasse “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” along with a variant form rasko (Ety/RAS). In that document Tolkien said it was used “especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains”. The word rasse “horn” reappeared on a (rejected) page of verb forms from 1948 (PE22/127 note #152), and again in notes from the 1950s or 60s discussing the mountain name S. Caradhras (PE17/36).

Cognates

• S. rass “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]” ✧ PE17/036

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• Q. Arfanyarassë “High Shining White Peak”
• ᴺQ. rassëa “horned”
• ᴺQ. rassemunda “rhinoceros, (lit.) horn-snout”

Variations

• rasse ✧ PE17/036

romba

horn, trumpet

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

róma

horn

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca_)._Loose compound Oromë róma "an Oromë horn", sc. "one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)" (WJ:368).

róma

noun. horn, horn; [ᴹQ.] loud sound, trumpet-sound, *blare

Derivations

• √ROM “horn noise, horn noise; [ᴹ√] loud noise”

Element in

• Q. Orome róma “an Orome horn” ✧ WJ/368
• Q. róma Oromëo “a horn coming from Orome” ✧ WJ/368
• Q. róma Oroméva “Orome’s horn” ✧ WJ/368
• Q. Valaróma “Horn of Oromë, *(lit.) Vala-horn”

tarca

horn

tarca ("k")noun "horn" (TARÁK)

taru

horn

taru noun "horn" (LT2:337, 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)

ras

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rass

horn

_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras

rass

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. rass for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.

Cognates

• Q. rassë “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]” ✧ PE17/036

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• S. Barad Nimras “White Horn Tower” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Caradhras “Redhorn” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Caran-rass “Redhorn” ✧ PE17/036
• S. Ered Nimrais “White Mountains, (lit.) White-horns Mountains” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Methedras “Last Peak” ✧ SA/ras
• S. Nimras “White Horn”
• S. Ras-Arphain
• S. Rasmund “Horned Bull”

ras(t)

noun. cape, shore

An element in several names appearing as either ras or rast and glossed as “cape” or “shore”. Its most notable use was in the names Nevrast and Haerast “Hither and Far Shore” (S/119; PE17/27), but it also appeared in Andras (WJ/189, note #56) and Andrast “Long Cape” (UT/214, note #6) as well as Ras Morthil, another name for Andrast. Since Nevrast juts out into the water, “cape” may be the best translation, especially since √RAS “horn” is the most likely basis for this word.

Conceptual Development: In The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from the late 1960s, Tolkien used the name Angast for “Long Cape” in several places, apparently with a final element ✱cast “cape, headland” derived from √KAS “head”, as suggested by Carl Hostetter (VT42/28 note #16). However, Andrast was the form that was ultimately used in Pauline Baynes’s official map of Middle-earth, so I think ras(t) is the preferable form.

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• S. Andras “Long Cape”
• S. Andrast “Long Cape”
• S. Haerast “Far Shore”
• S. Nevrast “Hither Shore”
• S. Ras Mewrim “*Cape of the Gulls” ✧ WJ/190
• S. Ras Morthil “Andrast”

Variations

• Ras ✧ WJ/190

cast

noun. cape, headland

rom

noun. horn, trumpet

rasg

noun. horn

rass

horn

(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.

rast

cape

(geographic) 1) rast (also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist, 2) (of land) bund (i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

rast

cape

(also shortened ras), pl. raist, idh raist

rafn

horn

(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

tarag

horn

(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

rom

horn

1) rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

rom

horn

(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)

bund

cape

(i mund, o mbund, construct mun) (snout, nose), pl. bynd (i mbynd), #cast (i gast, o chast) (headland), pl. caist (i chaist) (VT42:14; compare the name Angast)

rû

sound of horns

pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry

till

sharp horn

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

inbar

noun. horn

Element in

• Kh. Barazinbar “Redhorn” ✧ PE17/035; TI/174
• Kh. Udushinbar “Horn of Cloud”
• Kh. Zirakinbar “Silverhorn”

ras

root. horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up

This root first appeared as ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. rasse and N. rhas or rhasg “horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)” (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS). It reappeared as ᴹ√RASA “stick up” on an rejected page of roots in the Quenya Verbal System from the 1940s (PE22/127). Finally, √RAS “horn” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s, but that was merely the last appearance of the root in Tolkien’s published writings. Q. rassë and S. rass “horn” continued to appear regularly as an element in mountain names in the 1950s and 60s.

Derivatives

• ✶aras(sō) “hart” ✧ PE21/82
  • ᴺQ. arasso “hart, stag, (male) deer”
  • S. aras “deer, deer, hart, *stag”
• ✶rass “horn”
• Q. ras- “to stick out”
• Q. rassë “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]”
• S. rass “horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]”
• S. ras(t) “cape, shore”

Element in

• ᴺQ. rassulca “carrot”

rass

noun. horn

Derivations

• √RAS “horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up”

Element in

• S. Caran-rass “Redhorn” ✧ SA/caran

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rhas

noun. horn [of both animals and mountains]

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rasse “horn [of both animals and mountains]” ✧ Ety/RAS

Derivations

• ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” ✧ Ety/RAS

Element in

• N. Caradras “Redhorn” ✧ Ety/RAS
• N. Rhascaron “Redhorn”
• N. Celebras “Silverhorn”
• N. Erebras “Lonely Mountain” ✧ EtyAC/ERE
• N. Ered Nimras “White Mountains”
• N. Ephel Nimrais
• N. Fanuiras “Horn of Cloud”
• N. Methedras “Last Peak”
• N. Orodras

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RAS > rhas	[rasse] > [rass] > [r̥ass]	✧ Ety/RAS

Variations

• rhaes ✧ EtyAC/RAS

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhasg

noun. horn

Derivations

• ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” ✧ Ety/RAS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RAS > rhasg	[raske] > [rask] > [r̥ask] > [r̥asg]	✧ Ety/RAS

tarag

noun. horn

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

till

noun. horn

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tilde “spike, horn” ✧ Ety/TIL

Derivations

• ᴹ√TIL “point, horn” ✧ Ety/TIL

Element in

• N. Celebdil “Silvertine”
• N. Calendil “Green-tine”
• N. Tor-dilluin
• N. nelthil “triangle” ✧ Ety/TIL
• N. Nimdil “White Horn”
• N. nifredil “(green) snowdrop; *(lit.) pale point”
• N. Tilion “Horned” ✧ Ety/TIL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TIL > tild > till	[tilde] > [tilðe] > [tilð] > [till]	✧ Ety/TIL

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point