cata

after

ratta

noun. track

Cognates

• T. ratta “a track” ✧ NM/363

Derivations

• ✶ratta “a track” ✧ NM/363
  • √RAT “to find a way” ✧ NM/363

Element in

• ᴺQ. rattaraxa “tram, (lit.) track-wagon”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶ratta > ratta	[ratta]	✧ NM/363

ala

after, beyond

ala (5) prep. "after, beyond" (MC:221, 214; however, LotR-style Quenya has han and pella "beyond" and apa "after")

apa

after

apa (1) prep. "after" (VT44:36), attested as a prefix in apacenyë and Apanónar, q.v. Variant ep- in epessë, q.v.; see epë for futher discussion. (According to VT44:36, apa was glossed "after" and also "before" in one late manuscript, but both meanings were rejected.) See also apa # 2 below. For Neo-Quenya purposes, apa should probably be ascribed the meaning "after", as in our most widely-published sources (compare Apanónar, "the After-born", as a name of Men in the Silmarillion). Variants pa, pá (VT44:36), but like apa these are also ascribed other meanings elsewhere; see separate entry. Apo (VT44:36) may be yet another variant of the word for "after".

apo

after

apo prep. ?"after" (see apa #1) (VT44:36)

appa-

touch

appa- vb. "touch" (in the literal sense; contrast #ap-, q.v.) (VT44:26)

epe

after

pâd

ford

_ n. _ford. Also called athrad 'crossing'.

pad

track

_ n. _track, road (only of 'roads' or tracks unpaved in open country).

ab

preposition. after

Cognates

• Q. apa “after (of time)”

Derivations

• √PĀ/APA “touch; after, behind of place”

Element in

• ᴺS. abgen- “to foresee, expect”
• S. Abonnen “After-born” ✧ WJ/387
• ᴺS. abor “tomorrow, (lit.) after-day”
• S. aphad- “to follow”
• ᴺS. avnedhor “afternoon”

Variations

• Ab ✧ WJ/387 (Ab)

ab-

prefix. after, later

iach

noun. ford, crossing

iach

noun. ford

Derivations

• ᴹ√YAK “*neck”

Element in

• S. Arossiach “Ford(s) of Aros” ✧ S/121
• S. Brithiach “*Gravel Ford” ✧ UT/054
• S. ninniach “rainbow”

athrad

ford

athrad, pl. ethraid

athrad

ford

pl. ethraid

ab

after

#ab (only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ab

after

(only attested as a prefix, as in:)

ruin

track

(slot, spoor, footprint), pl. r**ŷn (idh r**ŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. RUN. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

râd

track

1) (path) râd, construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh), 2) *ruin (slot, spoor, footprint), pl. rŷn (idh rŷn). Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” ”rhoein” = rhöin, LR:364 s.v. __. Note: a homophone means ”blazing fire, red flame” and also ”fiery red, burning” as an adj.

râd

track

construct rad, pl. raid (idh raidh)

abonnen

afterborn

pl. Ebennin (archaic "Eboennin" = Ebönnin, WJ:387), Elvish name of Men as the "Secondborn" of Eru. – If ab can be used as an independent preposition, it is probably followed by soft mutation.****

pata

root. after, behind of place

pat(a)

noun. track, road, way; ford

Derivations

• √PAT “*step, walk”

Derivatives

• S. pâd “a step (action); track, road; ford, a step (action); track, road; ford; [N.] way” ✧ PE17/034; PE17/034

Element in

• ✶thara-pata “crossway” ✧ SA/thar

Variations

• pat- ✧ PE17/034
• pata- ✧ PE17/034
• pata ✧ SA/thar

apa

root. touch

pā/apa

root. touch; after, behind of place

This root and ones like it were used for various spatial and temporal relationships during Tolkien’s life. Perhaps the earliest iteration in this chain of developments was the root ᴱ√PE “at, by” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. penasta “being near at hand, support, backing” and ᴱQ. peanta- “give into one’s hands, give instructions to, enjoin” (QL/72). In Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s Tolkien gave primitive ᴱ✶apa > ᴱN. ó “to, on” and ᴱT. pa, presumably of the same meaning (PE13/151). In a late note of unclear date Tolkien wrote:

> √apa “touch” (not with fingers but of the contact of surfaces, esp. vertical surface). So prep. apa, pa “touching, against”. In Q. this, espec. in form pā̆ is used as prep. = touching, as regards, concerning. Also the verb ape is used fig. as to touch one, concern, affect. In literal sense [touch] the strengthened weak verb appa is mostly used (VT44/26).

In another note from this period Tolkien glossed apa as “above but touching” (VT44/26).

In other words from the 1950s and 60s, apa- is given the temporal sense “after”, most notably in Q. Apanónar/S. Abonnen “After-born” (WJ/386-387), the former appearing in the published version of The Silmarillion (S/103). It was also used temporally in Q. apacenyë “of foresight” (MR/216). In a table of spatial and temporal roots from 1969, Tolkien gave √PĀ/PATA “after, behind of place” (PE22/147) and in another 1969 note Tolkien glossed apa, pā as both “before of time” and “after (later than)”, with both being deleted (VT44/36). Other similar roots in the semantic space of “after” include √EPE and √OPO.

Neo-Eldarin: As indicated by the discussion above, Tolkien’s treatment spatial and temporal prepositional elements was wildly inconsistent. √APA was one of the elements Tolkien used for “before” and “after”, but also as “on” or “touching”. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, the most useful definition of √PĀ/APA is “touch”, for which we have no other good late roots, so I would assume this was its primary meaning. I generally prefer ✶epe for “after (of time); before (of space)” and ✶nō for its opposite. However, I think apa- might be a euphonic variant of epe-, perhaps limited to “after” of time, to justify Q. Apanónar/S. Abonnen “After-born”.

Derivatives

• ✶patar “*after, behind of place” ✧ PE22/147
• Q. ap- “to touch one, concern, affect” ✧ VT44/26
• Q. apa “after (of time)”
• Q. appa- “to touch” ✧ VT44/26
• Q. pá “touching, against, on (above but touching); as regards, concerning, touching, against, on (above but touching); as regards, concerning, [ᴹQ.] about” ✧ VT44/26
• S. ab “after”
• ᴺS. apha- “to touch”

Element in

• ✶ap-pata “to walk behind on a track or path”

Variations

• PĀ ✧ PE22/147
• PATA ✧ PE22/147
• apa ✧ VT44/26

bâd

noun. beaten track, pathway