lumbo

cloud

lumbo noun "cloud" (pl. lumbor in Markirya), also glossed "gloom; dark, shade" (PE17:72, 168). In early "Qenya", lumbo was glossed "dark lowering cloud" (LT1:259)

fána

cloud

fána (2) noun "cloud" _(SPAN, VT46:15). _Cf. fana.

laimë

shade

laimë noun "shade" (DAY; in an earlier version the gloss was "shadow (cast by an object or form)"; see VT45:8-9. Perhaps Tolkien transferred this meaning to lëo when giving laimë the more general meaning "shade".)

lómin

shade, shadow

lómin noun "shade, shadow" (LT1:255)

olombo

horse

olombo noun "horse" (derived from a base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP; hence read *olompo for olombo?)

lëo

shade, shadow cast by any object

lëo noun "shade, shadow cast by any object" (DAY)

ungo

cloud, dark shadow

ungo noun "cloud, dark shadow" (UÑG)

mairo

horse

mairo noun "horse" (GL:56; later sources have rocco, olombo)

rocco

horse

rocco ("k")noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko_). _In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco ("k") "he was a horse strong/swift at running" (VT49:29)

rocco

noun. horse

rocco

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Quenya, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382; WJ/407) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. rokko “horse” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ROK “run on foot”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK). The relevant entry appeared twice; in one rokko was first written as rokka “wheel”, and in the other the form was first written ronko, but in both cases Tolkien revised the word to rokko “horse”.

Cognates

• S. roch “horse” ✧ Let/178; Let/282; Let/382; SA/roch

Derivations

• ✶rokkō “horse, swift horse for riding” ✧ Let/282; Let/382; WJ/407
  • ᴹ√ROK “run on foot, *horse, run on foot”

Element in

• Q. i roccor rindi “the horses are swift” ✧ PE21/78
• Q. nésë nórima rocco “he was a horse strong/swift at running” ✧ VT49/29
• ᴺQ. nuinerocco “hippopotamus, (lit.) river-horse”
• Q. onortanen rocco “I rode a horse” ✧ PE17/168
• ᴺQ. rimperocco “zebra, (lit.) stripe-horse”
• Q. roccor i Erulingaron márë nár (ma naitë)? “the horses of the Rohirrim are good (are they not, lit. is it true)” ✧ PE22/166
• Q. roquen “knight, horseman, rider”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶rokkō > rocco	[rokkō] > [rokko]	✧ Let/282
✶rokkō > rokko	[rokkō] > [rokko]	✧ Let/382
✶roko > rokko	[rokko]	✧ WJ/407

Variations

• rokko ✧ Let/178; Let/382; PE17/168; SA/roch; VT49/29; WJ/407

lum

noun. shade

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

dae

shade

(i dhae) (shadow), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae)

gwath

noun. stain

gwâth

shade

(noun) 1) gwâth (i **wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261), 2) dae (i dhae) (shadow), no distinct pl. form except with article (i nae), 3) lûm (pl. luim**).

gwâth

shade

(i ’wâth; construct gwath) (shadow, dim light), pl. gwaith (in gwaith) (UT:261)

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

roch

horse

(swift horse for riding) roch, pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

roch

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Sindarin, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this word seems to be G. brog “horse” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24), though at the time it had no Qenya cognates. ᴱN. brog “horse” reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/139), but by The Etymologies of the 1930s it had become N. roch “horse”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK; EtyAC/ROK). Tolkien seems to have mainly stuck with this form thereafter.

Cognates

• Q. rocco “horse” ✧ Let/178; Let/282; Let/382; SA/roch

Derivations

• ✶rokkō “horse, swift horse for riding” ✧ Let/282; Let/382
  • ᴹ√ROK “run on foot, *horse, run on foot”

Element in

• S. Arroch “*Noble-horse”
• ᴺS. raebroch “zebra”
• S. Rochallor ✧ SA/roch
• S. Rochand “Rohan, Horse-country” ✧ Let/178; Let/382; RC/241; SA/roch; UT/318
• S. rochben “rider”
• S. Roch-cheruin “Steed of the Lady” ✧ PE17/097
• S. roch heryn “Lady(’s) horse” ✧ PE17/097
• S. rochir “knight, horse-lord” ✧ Let/178; Let/282
• S. Rochirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ UT/318
• S. roch na-heryna “the horse of (the) Lady” ✧ PE17/097
• S. Rohan “Riddermark, (lit.) Horse-country”
• S. Roheryn “Horse of the Lady” ✧ SA/roch
• S. Rohirrim “Horse-lords” ✧ Let/382; SA/roch

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶rokkō > roch	[rokkō] > [rokko] > [rokkʰo] > [roxxo] > [roxx] > [rox]	✧ Let/282

roch

horse

pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

lum

noun. shade, *a thing blocking light; [G.] [dark] cloud

lûm

shade

(pl. luim).

faun

cloud

(pl. foen, coll. pl. fonath)

fân

cloud

1) fân (veil, also used of the manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain, 2) faun (pl. foen, coll. pl. fonath)

fân

cloud

(veil, also used of the manifested body of a Vala), construct fan, pl. fain

fuin

nightshade

(gloom, darkness, night, dead of night); no distinct pl. form.

lobor

horse

lobor, analogical pl. lebyr (VT45:28)

lobor

horse

analogical pl. **lebyr **(VT45:28)

spenna

noun. cloud

Derived from a stem SPAN "white" (LR:387), but hardly a direct cognate of Quenya fanya and Telerin spania (both probably from spanjâ), nor a direct cognate of Sindarin faun, stated to be derived from spâna. Rather spenna must derive from spannâ, sc. the stem SPAN with the adjectival ending -nâ (or possibly the simpler adjectival ending -â combined with a medial strengthening n > nn). As for the change of a to e, cf. scella from skalnâ.

scella

noun. shade, screen

Probably noun. Primitive form given as skalnâ, derived from the stem SKAL1 "screen, hide (from light)" (LR:386). Since -nâ is an adjectival ending, often taking on the meaning of a kind of past participle, skalnâ must mean "screened, hidden (from light)"; this has become a noun "shade, screen" in Nandorin.

The word scella, sciella alone tells us that ln is assimilated to ll in Nandorin, and as in dunna, spenna a primitive final -â, usually lost, seems to persist as -a following a double consonant. The shift of a to e in skalnâ > scella is parallelled by the similar shift in spannâ > spenna, q.v. However, such a shift does not occur in what might seem to be similar environments (before a double consonant?); cf. hrassa, not hressa, from khrassê. It would seem that e might further break up into ie, scella having the alternative form sciella.

sciella

noun. shade, screen

>> scella

karab

noun. horse

A noun translated “horse”, given by Tolkien as an example of how common-nouns can be altered into masculine and feminine forms using the suffixes -û and -î: karbî “mare” and karbû “stallion” (SD/434).

Derivations

• √Ad. KARAB “?horse”

lum

root. shadow, darkness

lub

root. shadow, darkness

This root and ones like it were the basis for shadowy things throughout Tolkien’s life, but went through a number of minor conceptual shifts. The earliest appearance of this root was as ᴱ√LUVU in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, with derivatives like ᴱQ. lumbo “dark lowering cloud” and ᴱQ. lūre “dark weather” (QL/57). In the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa written afterwards, Tolkien gave the root as ᴱ√LUB with a similar set of derivatives (PME/57); phonological developments in both Early Qenya and Gnomish make it very difficult to distinguish ancient voiced stops [b] from voiced spirants [β]. Sign of this root can also be seen in Gnomish words G. lum or glum “cloud”, G. lumbri “foul weather”, and G. luv- “hang, lower, of clouds” (GL/55).

The derivatives of this root in the 1910s seem to connect more specifically to dark weather, but in The Etymologies of the 1930s the root reappeared as ᴹ√LUM with derivatives having to do mainly with shadow, such as ᴹQ. lumbe “gloom, shadow” and N. lhum “shade” (Ety/LUM). These in turn served as the basis for N. Hithlum and ᴹQ. †Hísilumbe >> ᴹQ. Hisilóme interpreted in this period as “Mist-and-Dusk” (LR/406). In earlier writing the second element of ᴱQ. Hisilóme “Misty-gloom” was derived from ᴱ√LOMO (QL/55), whereas in 1964 notes Hithlum was designated “North Sindarin” and given a new etymology as a direct loan from its Quenya equivalent, and thus no longer connected to √LUM (PE17/133).

The last appearance of the root in currently published material was as √LUM or √LUB “shadow, darkness” with derivatives Q. lumbo “dark, shade” and Q. lumbule “shadow” (PE17/168). Q. Luvailin “Shadowmere” (RC/217) is probably related and must derived from √LUB. For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume that √LUB is the form as the root, as the various lumb- form can likewise be derived from √LUB by way of strengthened ✱lu(m)b-.

Derivatives

• Q. lumbo “cloud; gloom, dark, shade, cloud, [ᴱQ.] dark lowering cloud; [Q.] gloom, dark, shade” ✧ PE17/168
• Q. lumbulë “dark shadow, heavy shadow; deep in shadow” ✧ PE17/168
• ᴺQ. lúrë “dark weather, bad weather”
• ᴺS. lummor “foul weather”

Element in

• Q. Luvailin “Shadowmere”

Variations

• LUM ✧ PE17/161; PE17/168
• LUB ✧ PE17/161; PE17/168

lhum

noun. shade

lhum

noun. shade

A word appearing as N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LUM, most notably an element in the name N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM). It was the cognate of ᴹQ. lumbe, and thus derived from primitive ✱lumbē, which explains why the final m survived as a reduction of mb.

Conceptual Development: The earliest iteration of this word was G. lôm {“pool, sl...” >>} “gloom, shade” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on primitive ᴱ✶lou̯me (GL/54) and probably derived from the early root ᴱ√LOMO as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Hisilómë). In this early document, G. lum or glum was “a cloud” (GL/55), likely a derivative of ᴱ√LUVU for “✱dark weather” as also suggested by Christopher Tolkien (LT1A/Luvier). In Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s Tolkien had ᴱN. {lom >>} lhom “shadow” (PE13/149). This became N. lhum “shade” in The Etymologies, as noted above.

Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Hithlum was designated North Sindarin and its final element was based on a loan from Q. lómë “dusk”, with the m surviving only because it was from the North dialect (PE17/133; WJ/400). However, the root √LUM “shadow, darkness” also survived in later writings (PE17/168), so I think N. lhum “shade” can be salvaged, though if adapted to Neo-Sindarin it would need to become ᴺS. lum as suggested in HSD (HSD). Given the later use of Q. lumbo for “(dark) cloud”, I think the Gnomish sense G. lum “[dark] cloud” can be salvaged as well.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lumbe “gloom, shadow” ✧ Ety/LUM

Derivations

• ᴹ√LUM “*shadow” ✧ Ety/LUM

Element in

• N. Hithlum “Land of Mist, (lit.) Mist-and-Dusk” ✧ Ety/LUM
• N. lhumren “shady” ✧ Ety/LUM

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LUM > lhum	[lumbe] > [lumbe] > [lumb] > [l̥umb] > [l̥umb] > [l̥umm] > [l̥um]	✧ Ety/LUM

faun

noun. cloud

faun

noun. cloud

Cognates

• ᴹQ. fána “cloud; white” ✧ Ety/SPAN

Derivations

• ᴹ✶spāna “cloud” ✧ Ety/SPAN
  • ᴹ√SPAN “white” ✧ Ety/SPAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶spāna > faun	[spāna] > [spǭna] > [sɸǭna] > [sɸouna] > [ɸouna] > [founa] > [fauna] > [faun]	✧ Ety/SPAN

lobor

noun. horse

lobor

noun. horse, [heavy riding] horse

A word for “horse” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). It did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28).

Conceptual Development: The similar word G. lobros “steed, horse” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/54), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56). In The Etymologies, Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB and the Noldorin form as {lum >>} lhuv, perhaps from ✱lōbo, but these were deleted and replaced by ᴹ√LOP and lobor.

Neo-Sindarin: Since Tolkien sometimes described S. roch as a “swift horse”, I’d assume lobor was a heavy riding horse or war horse.

Changes

• lum → lhuv ✧ EtyAC/LOP
• lhuv → lobor “horse” ✧ EtyAC/LOP

Cognates

• ᴹQ. olombo “horse” ✧ EtyAC/LOP; EtyAC/LOP

Derivations

• ᴹ√LOP “horse, horse; [ᴱ√] *run (of animals), gallop, lope” ✧ EtyAC/LOP; EtyAC/LOP

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√LOP > lobor	[lopro] > [lopr] > [lobr] > [lobor]	✧ EtyAC/LOP

Variations

• lum ✧ EtyAC/LOP (lum)
• lhuv ✧ EtyAC/LOP (lhuv)

gwath

noun. shade, shadow, dim light

gwath

noun. stain

gwath

noun. shade

Cognates

• Ilk. gwath “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Derivations

• On. watha “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH
  • ᴹ√WATH “shade” ✧ Ety/WATH

Element in

• N. Deldúwath “Deadly Nightshade” ✧ Ety/DYEL
• N. Gwathfuin-Daidelos “Deadly Nightshade”
• N. Dolwethil “(Woman of) Secret Shadow”
• N. dú(w)ath “night-shade”
• N. Eredwethion “Shadowy Mountains” ✧ Ety/WATH
• N. Gwathlo “Greyflood”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. watha > gwath	[waθa] > [gwaθa] > [gwaθ]	✧ Ety/WATH

Variations

• gwath ✧ Ety/WATH

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding