au-

without

au- (3) privative prefix, = "without" (AWA)

au-

off, *away

au- (1) a verbal prefix "off, *away", as in auciri ("k") "cut off" (so as to get rid of or lose a portion); contrast hóciri (WJ:366, 368). Compare au as a variant of the stem awa "away from" (VT49:24) and the adverb au (see #2 below).

au-

prefix. away (from)

Cognates

• T. au- “away” ✧ WJ/365

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/024; VT49/24
• ✶awa- “away” ✧ WJ/365
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Element in

• ᴺQ. aucelië “sewer, (lit.) away-flowing”
• Q. aucir- “to cut off (and get rid of or lose a portion)” ✧ WJ/365
• ᴺQ. auhanta “refuse, trash, garbage, (lit.) thing thrown away”
• ᴺQ. aulerya- “to rid, free somebody of something”
• ᴺQ. aumanca- “to sell, (lit.) trade away”
• ᴺQ. aumapando “abductor, (lit.) away-seizer”
• ᴺQ. aumenta- “to dismiss, divorce, (lit.) away-send”
• ᴺQ. aupenya “complete, without lack”
• ᴺQ. aupsar- “to wipe away”
• ᴺQ. auquer- “to reject, (lit.) turn away”
• ᴺQ. ausatië “especially, (lit.) setting aside”
• ᴺQ. autulya- “to deport, (lit.) bring away”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶au/awa > au-	[au-]	✧ WJ/365

Variations

• au ✧ VT49/24; WJ/368
• o ✧ VT49/24

au

away

au (2) adv. "away", of position rather than movement (compare oa). PE17:148

ava-

without

ava- (3) prefix "without" (AR2, AWA). In some cases apparently used as a mere negation prefix: The form avalerya in VT41:6 is seemingly a negated form of the verb lerya- "release, set free"; the verb avalerya- is suggested to have the same meaning as the root KHAP = "bind, make fast, restrain, deprive of liberty". Likewise, the verb avalatya- from the same source seems to mean "to close, shut", this being a negated form of a verb *latya- "open" (q.v.)

ú

without, destitute of

ú (1) adv. and prep. "without, destitute of" (VT39:14). Usually followed by genitive: ú calo "without light" (cala). In one source, ú is seemingly also used as a negative verb "was not" (VT49:13), but Tolkien revised the text in question.

ú

preposition/adverb. without, destitute of

@@@ with object of the preposition in the genitive: ú calo “without light”

Derivations

• √Ū “denial of fact, privation, negative element, denial of fact, privation, negative element, [ᴱ√] not” ✧ PE17/143
• ✶awa- “away” ✧ PE17/144
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Element in

• Q. ú- “no, not, un-, in-; hard, difficult, bad, uneasy; hardly, with difficulty, ‘badly’” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14
• Q. ú calo “without the light” ✧ PE17/143; VT39/14
• Q. ú calmo “without the light” ✧ PE17/143 (ú calmo)
• Q. úvanë(a) “without beauty” ✧ PE17/144; VT39/14

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√Ū > ú	[ū]	✧ PE17/143
✶awa- > ǝu > ū	[awa-] > [ū]	✧ PE17/144

Variations

• ū ✧ PE17/143; PE17/144; PE22/168; VT39/14

hó-

away, from, from among

hó- verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought (WJ:368)

nec-

without, -less

nec- prefix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. -enca, q.v.

nec-

prefix. without

Derivations

• √NEK “divide, separate, part; deprive” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• ᴺQ. necermëa “insubstantial, immaterial”
• ᴺQ. necestel “hopelessness, despair, desperation”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NEK > nec-	[nek-]	✧ PE17/167

-enca

without, -less

-enca suffix "without, -less" (PE17:167), cf. nec-, q.v.

pen

without, not having

[pen prep. "without, not having" (PE17:171). Cf. Ú #1.]

pen-

without

(ben-) _ pref. _without,**less. pen-adar 'fatherless'. >> ben-, ú-

pen

preposition. without, lacking, -less

ego

interjection. be off!

ar

without

(adv. prefix) ar- (outside)

ar

without

(outside)

ú

without

(adverbial prefix) ú-, u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad *”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

ú

without

u- (e.g. udalraph ”without stirrups; stirrupless”, uluithiad ✱”without quenching” (SD:62) = ”unquenchable”). The prefix ar- has a similiar meaning, as in:

e

away

ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

1) (adj.) gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir). 2) (adv.) e, ed (out, forth); also as adjectival prefix "outer" and preposition "out from, out of" (WJ:367)

gwachae

away

(remote), lenited ’wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch *(PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir)*.         

pen

without

1) pen (lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited. 2)

pen

without

(lenited ben) (lacking, -less) (WJ:375) Not to be confused with the pronoun pen ”one, somebody, anybody”. When prefixed to a noun, the resulting phrase can be treated as an adjective in that it is lenited (pen- appears as ben-) where an adjective would be lenited.

au-

prefix. away

Cognates

• Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365

Derivations

• ✶awa- “away” ✧ WJ/365
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

au

adverb. away

Cognates

• Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366

Derivations

• ✶awā “away” ✧ WJ/366
  • √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

-ak Reconstructed

preposition. away

A suffix in the word êphalak “far away”, a derivative of êphal “far” (SD/247). Some authors have suggested that -ak is an intensive suffix “very” instead of suffix meaning “away” (LGtAG, NBA/32). However, the corresponding Quenya word vahai(y)a “far away” is a combination va “(away) from” and haiya “far”, so it seems to me that the literal translation “away” is more likely to be correct (this translation of va was published after LGtAG and NBA were written).

Element in

• Ad. êphalak “far away”

au-

prefix. away

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361

Element in

• ✶aumata- “to eat away, corrode”

awa-

prefix. away

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/143; WJ/365

Derivatives

• Q. au- “away (from)” ✧ WJ/365
• Q. ú “without, destitute of” ✧ PE17/144
• T. au- “away” ✧ WJ/365

Element in

• ✶aw(a)delo ✧ WJ/360
• ✶awādelo ✧ WJ/360
• ✶wādelo ✧ WJ/360
• Q. avatyar- “*to forgive, (lit.) do away with”

Variations

• awa ✧ WJ/360
• au/awa ✧ WJ/365

awā

adverb. away

Derivations

• √WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/365

Derivatives

• Q. öa “away (of movement)” ✧ WJ/366
• T. au “away” ✧ WJ/366

Element in

• ✶awā-da ✧ WJ/366