Quenya 

hanuvoitë

male

hanuvoitë adj.? "male" (prob. adj. rather than noun; the word as such is not clearly glossed, but connects with hanu "a male") (INI)

hanwa

male

hanwa noun "male" (INI)

Sindarin 

anu

adjective. male

A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

Sindarin [Ety/360, X/W] Group: SINDICT. Published by

anu

verb. he/she went

_ v. pa.t. _he/she went. >> anwen. This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:148] < AWA, WĀ go, move (from speaker), go away, depart. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

awn

verb. he/she went

_ v. pa.t. _he/she went. >> anu, anwen. This gloss was rejected.

Sindarin [(PE17 Sindarin Corpus) PE17:148] < AWA, WĀ go, move (from speaker), go away, depart. Group: Parma Eldalamberon 17 Sindarin Corpus. Published by

gwae-

verb. to go, depart

This highly irregular verb appeared in Definitive Linguistic Notes (DLN) from 1959 as the Sindarin equivalent of Q. auta- “go (away), depart”, itself very irregular, both verbs derived from the invertible root √WĀ/AWA (PE17/148). The Sindarin verb has a present tense form gwaen “I go” and past forms 1st. sg. anwen “✱I went” and 3rd. sg. anu/awn “✱he/she went”, with these past forms apparently based on an ancient nasal-infixed strong past ✶anwē (from which the archaic Q. strong past †anwe “went” was derived). It has two more forms gwanu/gwawn. These seem to be the equivalent of Q. vanwa “lost” < ✶wanwā.

The present tense form gwaen “I go” is especially peculiar. Compare this to the more regular present tenses cewin “I taste” < kawin(e) (PE22/152) and galon “I grow” < galān(e) (PE17/131). I think the likeliest explanation is that gwaen is derived from an ancient aorist form wa-i-nĭ, with ai becoming ae as was usual of Sindarin’s phonetic developments. If so, the presents of this verb would be based on √WA and the pasts based on √AW.

A final twist is that in the note from DLN Tolkien mentions u-intrusion, a sound change parallel to the more common i-intrusion, whereby a final u moved before a preceding consonant. The forms awn and gwawn are thus the u-intruded results of anu and gwanu. This u-intrusion would not occur in forms with further suffixes, like anwen “I went”.

A probably related form gwanwen “departed” appears in the Quendi and Eldar (Q&E) essay from 1959-60 (WJ/378). This could be an independent adjective, but could also be a passive participle of gwae- (or some variant of it), possibly a strengthened or elaborated form of gwanu/gwawn. Note that Q&E also states that:

> The only normal derivative [of AWA] is the preposition o, the usual word for ‘from, of’. None of the forms of the element ✱awa are found as a prefix in S, probably because they became like or the same as the products of ✱, ✱wo (WJ/366).

Some people believe this indicates that Tolkien rejected other derivatives like gwae-, but since Q&E also contains gwanwen, I think this statement only applies to direct derivatives of AWA, as opposed to gwae- and gwanwen which are derived from the inverted root WĀ.

Neo-Sindarin: How to handle this verb in the context of Neo-Sindarin is unclear. Given the extreme irregularity of this verb, it is tempting to discard it. Unfortunately, we have no other attested Sindarin verbs for “to depart”. Furthermore, common verbs like “go” tend to be irregular in many languages (such as English as “go” vs. “went”), so it makes sense the same would be true of Sindarin. As such, I propose the following conjugation for this verb (hat tip to Gilruin for most of this paradigm; he suggested much better forms than my original ideas):

  • Present tense ✱gwae “go” < primitive ✶gwa-ĭ, with inflections added to this form: gwaen “I go”, ✱gwael “you go”, etc.

  • Past tense awn “went” < ✶anwē with u-intrusion. Inflected forms are based on non-intruded anw-: anwen “I went”, ✱anwel “you went”, etc.

  • Past/passive participle gwanwen “departed”, an elaboration of the older (archaic?) perfective participle gwanu/gwawn.

  • Future ✱gwatha “will go”, ✱gwathon “I will go”, < ✶wa-thā, wa-thā-nĭ.

  • Gerund ✱gwaed (< ✶wa-itā) and active participle ✱gwaul (< ✶wa-ālā) “departing”.

  • Imperative ✱gwaw “go!” < ✶wa-ā, as with baw “don’t!” < ✶ (WJ/371-2).

Finally, this verb means “go” specifically in the sense “depart”, that is: “go away”. For “go (generally and in any direction)”, use the verb men-.

If you dislike this irregularity of gwae- or you believe that Tolkien’s note in Q&E (see above) indicates this verb was rejected along with (most) Sindarin derivatives of AWA, then the neologism haena- “to leave, depart” gives an alternative verb.

Cognates

  • Q. auta- “to go (away), depart, leave; to disappear, be lost, pass away” ✧ PE17/148

Derivations

  • WĀ/AWA “away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago, away (from); go (away), depart, pass away, move (from speaker); before (of time), ago; [ᴹ√] forth, out” ✧ PE17/148

Element in

  • S. gwanwen “departed, departed, *gone, lost [to time], past” ✧ WJ/378

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
AWA/WĀ > gwaen[wain] > [gwain] > [gwaen]✧ PE17/148
AWA/WĀ > anwen[anwen]✧ PE17/148
AWA/WĀ > anu[anwe] > [anw] > [anu]✧ PE17/148
AWA/WĀ > awn[anwe] > [anw] > [aun]✧ PE17/148
AWA/WĀ > gwanu[wanwa] > [gwanwa] > [gwanw] > [gwanu]✧ PE17/148
AWA/WĀ > gwawn[wanwa] > [gwanwa] > [gwanw] > [gwaun]✧ PE17/148
Sindarin [PE17/148; WJ/378] Group: Eldamo. Published by

anu

male

(adj.) *anu, analogical pl. eny. (Archaic anw, pl. ?einw)

anu

male

analogical pl. eny. (Archaic anw, pl. ?einw)

anu

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

Sindarin Group: Eldamo - neologism/adaptations. Published by

Adûnaic

anâ

noun. human being

A noun translated “human being” (SD/426) given as an example of a noun ending in a long vowel that (archaically) uses the declension for a strong-noun (SD/437), an example of the extremely rare class of Strong-IIb nouns. By the time of Classical Adûnaic, it could be declined as an ordinary weak-noun instead. It also had masculine and feminine variants anû “(human) man” and anî “(human) woman” (SD/434) but in ordinary speech it seems likely that more specific words would be used: narû “man, male”, zinî “female”, kali “woman”.

Variations

  • anā ✧ SD/426; SD/434; SD/437; SD/438
Adûnaic [SD/426; SD/434; SD/437; SD/438] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Primitive elvish

n-uĕg

suffix. male

Primitive elvish [PE17/190] Group: Eldamo. Published by

wonā

adjective. male

Derivations

  • OWO “masculine” ✧ PE21/83

Variations

  • ʒōnā ✧ PE21/83 (ʒōnā)
Primitive elvish [PE21/83] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

anw

adjective. male

A literal interpretation of the Etymologies would class this word as a noun, but David Salo notes that the punctuation in The Etymologies is not always reliable. Noldorin anw cannot be cognate to the Quenya noun hanu (3anû) because the final -u would drop. It must rather be cognate to the Quenya adjective hanwa (3anwâ) attested under the stem INI, where it is also stated that inw, corresponding to Quenya inya "female", has been remodelled after anw. The combination of these two entries, along with the phonological evidences, clearly indicates that anw is actually an adjective

Noldorin [Ety/360, X/W] Group: SINDICT. Published by

anw

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

A word appearing as N. anw in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ON. anu under the root ᴹ√ƷAN “male”, where its positioning makes it appear as if it was a cognate of ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)” (Ety/ƷAN). In the original version of this entry, it was simply glossed “male”, and was initially given as (deleted) {ganw} (EtyAC/ƷAN).

Conceptual Development: Precursors to this word include G. an “person” and G. anos “man” from the Gnomish Lexicon (GL/19).

Neo-Sindarin: Most Neo-Sindarin writers adapt this word as ᴺS. anu to better fit Sindarin’s phonology. In HSD (HSD), Didier Willis suggested (as originally proposed by David Salo) that this word is most likely an adjective, the cognate of adjective ᴹQ. hanwa “male” rather than the noun ᴹQ. hanu “a male (man or animal)”. This is because it is generally believed that final -u (as in ✶ʒanu) vanishes in Noldorin/Sindarin, while the final -wa (as in ✶ʒanwa) would have developed into -u (Noldorin -w). However, I think the evidence of the loss of final -u in Noldorin is ambiguous and in fact N. anw might be a counterexample, especially since the Old Noldorin form was anu; see the entry on how [[s|final [i], [u] generally vanished]] for further discussion.

In any case, I think anu “male” can be used as a both a noun and an adjective for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

Changes

  • ganwanw ✧ EtyAC/ƷAN

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. hanu “male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” ✧ Ety/ƷAN; EtyAC/ƷAN
  • ᴹQ. hanwa “male” ✧ Ety/INI

Derivations

  • On. anu “a male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
    • ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
  • ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/INI; Ety/ƷAN

Element in

  • ᴺS. anwas “manhood, *manliness, masculinity”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
On. anu > anw[anu]✧ Ety/ƷAN

Variations

  • ganw ✧ EtyAC/ƷAN (ganw)
Noldorin [Ety/ƷAN; Ety/INI; EtyAC/ƷAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

hanwa

adjective. male

A word appearing in The Etymologies of the 1930s with the gloss “male” (Ety/INI), an adjectival form of the noun ᴹQ. hanu “male” (Ety/ƷAN).

Cognates

  • N. anw “male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/INI

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/INI

Elements

WordGloss
hanu“male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷAN > hanwa[ɣanwa] > [hanwa]✧ Ety/INI

Doriathrin

ganu

noun/adjective. male (person or animal)

A Doriathrin word (noun and adjective?) for a “male” derived from the root ᴹ√ƷAN (Ety/ƷAN).

Possible Etymology: Its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. hanu indicates a primitive form ✱✶ʒanū [ɣanū], but ordinarily a primitive final vowel was lost in Ilkorin. Helge Fauskanger suggested that this Ilkorin word was instead derived for adjective form ✱✶ʒanwā [ɣanwā], which would have produced final -u after the loss of the [-ā] because [[ilk|final [w] became [u]]]. This derivation is indicated in the Phonetic Developments given below.

An alternate possibility, though, is that [u] was an exception to the rule that final vowels were lost in Ilkorin. The Noldorin development ᴹ√ƷAN > ON. anu > N. anw hints at a similar process. This uncertainly in its etymology makes it difficult to determine the part of speech (noun and/or adjective) that this word belongs to.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. hanu “male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” ✧ Ety/ƷAN; EtyAC/ƷAN

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/ƷAN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷAN > ganu[ɣanwā] > [ɣanwa] > [ganwa] > [ganw] > [ganu]✧ Ety/ƷAN
Doriathrin [Ety/ƷAN; EtyAC/ƷAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Old Noldorin 

anu

noun. a male (person or animal)

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. hanu “male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” ✧ Ety/ƷAN

Derivations

  • ᴹ√ƷAN “male” ✧ Ety/ƷAN

Derivatives

  • N. anw “male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√ƷAN > anu[ɣanū] > [anū] > [anu]✧ Ety/ƷAN
Old Noldorin [Ety/ƷAN] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

ʒan

root. male

A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “male” and used in this sense for both people and animals (Ety/ƷAN). Its principle derivatives are ᴹQ. hanu/N. anw “male (person or animal)”, so it might more properly be ✱ᴹ√ƷAN+U.

Derivatives

  • Ilk. ganu “male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
  • ᴹQ. hanu “male, man (of Men or Elves), male animal” ✧ Ety/ƷAN; Ety/INI
  • ᴹQ. hanwa “male” ✧ Ety/INI
  • ᴹQ. -ando “agent (male)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
  • N. anw “male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/INI; Ety/ƷAN
  • On. anu “a male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
    • N. anw “male (person or animal)” ✧ Ety/ƷAN
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/ƷAN; Ety/INI; Ety/NĪ¹] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Gnomish

gwegwed

adjective. male

A word in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “male”, an adjectival form of G. gweg “man” (GL/44).

Early Quenya

anu

noun. a male, man

Cognates

  • G. an “person, -body, one, anyone, someone, they; creature”

Element in

  • Eq. anai “woman” ✧ QL/031
  • Eq. anúre “manliness, masculinity” ✧ QL/031
  • Eq. anusta “monastery” ✧ QL/031
  • Eq. anustar “monk” ✧ QL/031
  • Eq. anúva “doughty” ✧ QL/031
  • Eq. anuvoite “male, masculine” ✧ QL/031
  • Eq. -nu “masculine suffix”
Early Quenya [PME/031; QL/031] Group: Eldamo. Published by

via

adjective. male

An adjective in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s glossed “male”, likely related to ᴱQ. vie “teors” [= “✱penis”] (PE16/135).

Early Quenya [PE16/135] Group: Eldamo. Published by