achad

noun. neck (properly referring only to the bony vertebral part not including the throat)

achad

neck

n. neck, refeering properly to the vertebrae (the bony part of the neck not including throat). This is a 'geographical' form, S. ach. Q. akas (later akse) pl. aksi. Fach, AchadTarlang

achad

neck (esp

n. neck (esp. referring to the bony structure, extension of the spine). achad << achas. Q. axo.

achad

noun. rock ridge, neck (geographically)

A noun mentioned in several places as a translation of “neck” as in Tarlang’s Neck (LotR/790), in Sindarin properly S. Achad Tarlang (PE17/92, 146; RC/537). It was a derivative of √AKAS “neck, ridge” (PE17/146). Somewhat curiously, S. lang “neck” was also an element in the name S. Tarlang. As Tolkien explained it:

> It is not certain whether this was named after some ancient man with the Sindarin name Tarlang (“stiff-neck” sc. “proud”) or was due to the obsolescence of Tarlang “the stiff, tough, passage” to which S achad had been prefixed in explanation, so that Achad Tarlang “the crossing called Tarlang” was interpreted as “Tarlang’s Neck”. Achad is another word for “neck”, referring properly only to the vertebrae (the bony part of the neck not including throat). √AKAS: Q akas (later akse) pl. aksi, S ach, geographically achad (< aks). This was also applied geographically to rock ridges. The Neck was not the name of the passage but of the lower, narrower ridge (crossed by the road) between the main mountains, and the mountainous region at southern end of the spur (PE17/92).

Hence S. lang refers to the entire throat, the passage from the mouth to the lungs/stomach, whereas S. ach was the vertebrae and upper spine, and achad was for geographic features resembling the spine, hence rock ridges.

Changes

• achas → achad ✧ PE17/146

Cognates

• Q. axë “neck (vertebrae), rock ridge, neck [vertebrae], *(upper) spine; rock ridge” ✧ PE17/146; RC/537

Derivations

• √AKAS “neck, ridge” ✧ PE17/146

Element in

• S. Achad Tarlang “Tarlang’s Neck” ✧ PE17/092; RC/537

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AKAS > achad	[akas] > [axad]	✧ PE17/146

Variations

• achas ✧ PE17/146 (achas)
• Achad ✧ RC/537

ach

noun. neck

n. neck, refeering properly to the vertebrae (the bony part of the neck not including throat). 'geographical' form achad. Q. akas (later akse) pl. aksi. Fachad

ach

noun. neck, neck, *(upper) spine

A word for “neck” appearing in notes written around 1967, derived from primitive aks based on the root √AKAS “neck, ridge” (PE17/92), where the ks became ch (IPA [x]). Tolkien specified that it was “referring properly only to the vertebrae (the bony part of the neck not including throat)”, so a more accurate translation might be “✱(upper) spine”. A more ordinary word for “neck” as a passage from mouth to the stomach and lungs would be lang.

Cognates

• Q. axë “neck (vertebrae), rock ridge, neck [vertebrae], *(upper) spine; rock ridge” ✧ PE17/092

Derivations

• √AKAS “neck, ridge” ✧ PE17/092

Element in

• S. achad “rock ridge, neck (geographically)” ✧ PE17/092
• S. Anach “?Long Neck”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AKAS > aks > ach	[akse] > [axxe] > [axx] > [ax]	✧ PE17/092

Variations

• ach ✧ PE17/092

lanc

neck

(throat), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”sharp edge, sudden end, brink”.

iaeth

neck

1) iaeth; no distinct pl. form. 2) lanc (throat), pl. lainc, coll. pl. langath. Note: homophones mean ”naked” and also ”sharp edge, sudden end, brink”.

iaeth

neck

; no distinct pl. form.