a

preposition. [unglossed]

Variations

• a ✧ PE21/03

a

pronoun. it, one, indefinite subject

Derivations

• ᴹ✶ga “indefinite subject” ✧ PE21/66; PE22/094

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampanaina i·már a·tatallanes “While it was being built people marveled at the house” ✧ PE22/108
• ᴹQ. (a)·matis “it is eaten (one eats it)” ✧ PE22/107
• ᴹQ. ha mólome a·ndake poldórear “it is hard work to kill the strong” ✧ PE22/123
• ᴹQ. i·nér né raiqa ar sí aphasta “the man was angry but now is in good humor (lit. it pleases him)” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. masse akime aldar “where are the trees (to be found)” ✧ PE22/125
• ᴹQ. vahaia nóre ëa i a-esta Valinor “far away (there) is a land called Valinor” ✧ PE22/124

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶-ʒa > -a	[ɣa] > [a]	✧ PE21/66
ᴹ✶ga > a	[ga] > [ɣa] > [a]	✧ PE22/094

Variations

• -a ✧ PE21/66
• a ✧ PE22/094; PE22/107 (a); PE22/108; PE22/123 (a); PE22/124; PE22/125

ar

conjunction. and; but

Changes

• ar(a) → ar “and” ✧ Ety/AR²

Cognates

• N. a “and”

Derivations

• ᴹ√AR “beside, outside” ✧ Ety/AR²

Element in

• ᴹQ. númessier “and he gave it into the hands of the Lords: they are in the West” ✧ LR/072
• ᴹQ. ar Sauron túle nukumna Númenórenna “and Sauron came humbled to Númenor” ✧ LR/047; LR/056; SD/310
• ᴹQ. a yonya inye tye-méla “and I too, my son, I love thee” ✧ LR/061
• ᴹQ. Ilu Ilúvatar en káre eldain a fírimoin “the Father made the World for Elves and Mortals” ✧ LR/072
• ᴹQ. Ilu vanya, fanya, eari, i-mar, ar ilqa ímen “the World is fair, the sky, the seas, the earth, and all that is in them” ✧ LR/072
• ᴹQ. i·nér né raiqa ar sí aphasta “the man was angry but now is in good humor (lit. it pleases him)” ✧ PE22/124
• ᴹQ. Sinome nimaruva, yo hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “Here will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ SD/056
• ᴹQ. ten sí ye tyelma, yéva tyel ar i narqelion “for here is ending, and there will be an end and the Fading” ✧ LR/072

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AR² > ar	[ar]	✧ Ety/AR²

Variations

• ar(a) ✧ EtyAC/AR² (ar(a))
• Ar ✧ LR/056
• A ✧ LR/061
• a ✧ LR/072

á

particle. imperative particle

Element in

• ᴹQ. á e tule, ási e tule ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á he mittar “let them come in” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á he tuluvar “let them come” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á kela karit “do not make it!” ✧ PE22/127
• ᴹQ. á kela naikea “don’t be cruel” ✧ PE22/126
• ᴹQ. á ke·tule ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á lá “don’t do it” ✧ PE22/105
• Q. a laita te, laita te “bless them, bless them” ✧ SD/047
• ᴹQ. a laituvar, laituvar “praise them” ✧ SD/047
• ᴹQ. ā laituva i·aran “(long[?]) live[?] [the] k[ing?]” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. (á) láte “don’t do it!” ✧ PE22/126
• ᴹQ. á le·láte “{now} don’t you do it!” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á le·tule ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á le·tulir ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. á(si) he tulir ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. ási le·kare “come now, do it (please)” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. ási, sí “come now, now” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. ási tule “come now!” ✧ PE22/105
• ᴹQ. he tulir á ✧ PE22/105

Variations

• ā ✧ PE22/105
• á ✧ PE22/126; PE22/127
• A ✧ SD/047

-va

suffix. adjectival

Derivations

• ᴹ✶-ba “genitival adjective” ✧ PE21/59

Variations

• va ✧ PE21/59

an-

prefix. intensive prefix

Derivations

• ᴹ√A “intensive prefix” ✧ EtyAC/A
• ᴹ√N- “intensive” ✧ EtyAC/N; PE19/055

Element in

• ᴹQ. ampano “building (especially of wood), wooden hall, construction, edifice” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. Ankale “Radiant-one, Sun, (lit.) The Very Bright” ✧ EtyAC/A; EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. antaro “high mountain, peak, high mountain, peak, *(lit.) great height” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. parka “dry; thirsty” ✧ EtyAC/A
• ᴹQ. tára “lofty, high” ✧ EtyAC/N
• ᴹQ. unqale “death agony, agony, death” ✧ EtyAC/N

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√A > an	[an-]	✧ EtyAC/A
ᴹ√N- > an-	[ṇd-] > [and-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > um	[ṃb-] > [umb-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√N- > iñ	[ŋ̣g-] > [iŋg-]	✧ EtyAC/N
ᴹ√nŏ- > nǝ > ṇ > an	[ṇd-] > [and-]	✧ PE19/055

Variations

• an ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
• am ✧ EtyAC/A; PE18/042; PE19/055
• añ ✧ EtyAC/A; PE19/055
• um ✧ EtyAC/N
• iñ ✧ EtyAC/N
• aŋ ✧ PE18/042

yo

conjunction. and

Derivations

• ᴹ✶yu
  • ᴹ√YŪ “two, both”

Element in

• ᴹQ. lairesse nihare to tarassi, yu unta hrívesse landannar “in the summer I live in [i.e. on] the hills [as a rule], and come down to the plains in the winter” ✧ PE22/125
• ᴹQ. Sinome nimaruva, yo hildinyar tenn’ Ambar-metta “Here will I abide, and my heirs, unto the ending of the world” ✧ SD/056

Variations

• yu ✧ PE22/125

yu

conjunction. and

assa

pronoun. [unglossed]

asse

pronoun. [unglossed]

asso

pronoun. [unglossed]

éma

?. [unglossed]

alama

noun. [unglossed]

engwa

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶eñma ✧ PE19/047

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶eñ-ma > eñwa > eñgwa	[eŋma] > [eŋgwā]	✧ PE19/047

Variations

• eñgwa ✧ PE19/047
• ḗma ✧ PE19/047

kanda

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶kandā “bold” ✧ PE19/060; PE19/060
  • ᴹ√KAN “dare” ✧ Ety/KAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶kándāvā̀ > kandava	[kandāwā] > [kandawā] > [kandawa] > [kandava]	✧ PE19/060
ᴹ✶kandālī́nen > kandalīnen	[kandālīnen] > [kandalīnen]	✧ PE19/060

maldo

noun. [unglossed]

olta-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶auluta- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/058

Variations

• olta ✧ PE19/058

rampa

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√RAP “climb (as a tree by clinging[?])” ✧ PE22/127

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RAP² > rampa	[rampa]	✧ PE22/127

sahte

noun. [unglossed]

sarya

noun. [unglossed]

séra

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶stegrā ✧ PE19/046

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶stegrā > thḗra	[stegrā] > [θegrā] > [θeɣrā] > [θērā] > [θēra] > [sēra]	✧ PE19/046

Variations

• thḗra ✧ PE19/046

sóla

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶soglā ✧ PE19/046

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶soglā > sóla	[soglā] > [soɣlā] > [sōlā] > [sōla]	✧ PE19/046

tante

noun. [unglossed]

teuka

?. [unglossed]

thar-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√STAR “stiff” ✧ PE22/112

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√STAR > thare	[star-] > [θar-]	✧ PE22/112

toina

adjective. [unglossed]

hyelma

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHYEL(ES) “glass” ✧ Ety/KHYEL(ES)

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHYEL(ES) > hyelma	[kʰjelma] > [xjelma] > [j̊elma]	✧ Ety/KHYEL(ES)

kaltua

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶kaltwa “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/048

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶kalt-wa > kaltua	[kaltwa] > [kaltua]	✧ PE19/048

laqe[t]-

verb. [unglossed]

Elements

Word	Gloss
lá	“no, not”
qet-	“to say”

Variations

• laqe[t] ✧ EtyAC/LA (laqe[t])

mahtya

?. [unglossed]

Variations

• maitya ✧ PE19/042 (maitya)
• maštša ✧ PE19/042 (Lin. maštša)

ereáma

?. [unglossed]

Variations

• ĕrĕāma ✧ PE22/018

lau(w)e

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶dagwe ✧ PE19/046

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶dagwe > lau(w)e	[dagwe] > [lagwe] > [laɣwe] > [lauwe] > [laue]	✧ PE19/046

mai(y)a

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶magyā ✧ PE19/046; PE19/062
  • ᴹ√MAG “use, handle”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶magyā > mai(y)a	[magjā] > [maɣjā] > [maijā] > [maija] > [maia]	✧ PE19/046
ᴹ✶māya > mā̆iya > maia	[māja] > [maija] > [maia]	✧ PE19/062

Variations

• maia ✧ PE19/062
• maiya ✧ PE19/062

timpana

noun. [unglossed]

toróma

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ✶torōmā “[unglossed]” ✧ PE19/059; PE19/059

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶torṓmā > toróma	[torōmā] > [torōma]	✧ PE19/059
ᴹ✶torṓmànna > torō̆mánna > torománna	[torōmanna] > [toromanna]	✧ PE19/059

varinye

noun. [unglossed]

amaldume

noun. [unglossed]

tatalta-

verb. [unglossed]

Elements

Word	Gloss
talta-	“to slip (down), fall, slide down, slope”

Variations

• tatalta ✧ PE22/115 (tatalta)

anaristya

noun. [unglossed]

Elements

Word	Gloss
Anar	“Sun”
istya	“knowledge”

nandakka-

verb. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√(N)DAK “slay” ✧ PE22/112

Elements

Word	Gloss
nak-	“to kill, slay; to hate”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NDAK- > nandakka-	[ndandakka-] > [nandakka-]	✧ PE22/112

sisíria-

verb. [unglossed]

Elements

Word	Gloss
sirya-	“to flow [smoothly]”

Variations

• sisíria ✧ PE22/115 (sisíria)

karpalimaite

noun. [unglossed]

Elements

Word	Gloss
karpalimā

Variations

• kà¹rpalimái²te ✧ PE19/058

ente

pronoun. [unglossed]

ento

pronoun. [unglossed]

es

[unglossed]

ho

preposition. from

Changes

• o → ho ✧ PE21/60
• ho → o ✧ PE21/60

Cognates

• Ilk. go “from, away; patronymic” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
• N. o “from, of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆

Derivations

• ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
• ᴹ✶ʒō “partitive; away from, from among” ✧ PE21/60
  • ᴹ√ƷO “from, away, from among, out of” ✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆; Ety/WŌ

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ƷŌ̆ > ho	[ɣo] > [ho]	✧ Ety/ƷŌ̆
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > o	[-ɣo] > [-o]	✧ PE21/60
ᴹ✶ʒō̆ > ho	[ɣo] > [ho]	✧ PE21/60

Variations

• o ✧ PE21/60; PE21/60 (o)

min

cardinal. one

Cognates

• N. min “one” ✧ Ety/MINI

Derivations

• ᴹ√MIN “stand alone, stick out” ✧ Ety/MINI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MINI > mine	[mine]	✧ Ety/MINI
ᴹ√MINI > min	[min]	✧ Ety/MINI

Variations

• mine ✧ Ety/MINI

mine

cardinal. one

nerno

?. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√(N)DER “adult male, man; bridegroom”

niule

?. [unglossed]

the

pronoun. it

Element in

• ᴹQ. etta matie the ye úmahta “his eating it is a nuisance” ✧ PE22/119

tyue

noun. [unglossed]

yelme

noun. [unglossed]

Derivations

• ᴹ√YEL “friend” ✧ Ety/YEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√YEL > yelme	[jelme]	✧ Ety/YEL

Variations

• yelme ✧ Ety/YEL (yelme)