nestag-

verb. to insert, stick in

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form nestegi “insert, stick in”, derived from ON. nestak- under the root ᴹ√STAK “split, insert” (Ety/STAK). As such, its unmutated stem would be ✱nestag-. Its initial prefix ne- is derived from ᴹ✶ndē̆- “in, inside” under the (deleted) root ᴹ√NĒ̆ (EtyAC/NĒ̆).

nasta-

verb. to prick, point, stick, thrust

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “prick, point, stick, thrust” under the root ᴹ√NAS “point, sharp end” (Ety/NAS).

nasta-

verb. to prick, point, stick, thrust

nestag-

verb. to insert, stick in

ercha-

verb. to prick

ercha-

verb. to prick

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form ercho “to prick” under the root ᴹ√EREK “thorn” (Ety/ERÉK).

golf

noun. branch

A noun for “branch” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶golbā under the root ᴹ√GOLOB (Ety/GÓLOB). It was an element in the name N. Gurutholf “Wand of Death” (Ety/ÑGUR).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. olf or olfin(g) “branch, wand, stick” (GL/62), an element in the earlier name G. Gurtholfin “Wand of Death” (GL/41; LT2/83). The Gnomish Lexicon originally had two words: olf “branch” and olfin “wand”, but these were deleted and merged into one word with two variants (GL/41). See ᴱN. alt for other “branch” words from the 1910s and 20s.

In Tolkien’s later writings, N. Gur(u)tholf became S. Gurthang “Iron of Death” (S/210; WJ/83). However, there was a word Q. olba “branch” in notes from 1968, derived from √OLOB (PM/341).

Neo-Sindarin: The 1968 Quenya word might mean Noldorin golf should be updated to [ᴺS.] ✱olf, but I prefer to assume there was a variant root √(G)OLOB which would allow us to retain golf “branch” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin.

min

cardinal. one

rhasg

noun. horn

dar-

verb. to stay, wait, stop, remain

golf

noun. branch

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

penia-

verb. to fix, to set

rhas

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rhasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rhom

noun. horn, trumpet

taetha-

verb. to fasten, tie

tarag

noun. horn

tarag

noun. steep mountain peak

tild

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn, point

till

noun. horn

ras

root. horn, horn; [ᴹ√] stick up

This root first appeared as ᴹ√RAS “stick up (intr.)” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. rasse and N. rhas or rhasg “horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)” (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS). It reappeared as ᴹ√RASA “stick up” on an rejected page of roots in the Quenya Verbal System from the 1940s (PE22/127). Finally, √RAS “horn” appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure of the early 1950s, but that was merely the last appearance of the root in Tolkien’s published writings. Q. rassë and S. rass “horn” continued to appear regularly as an element in mountain names in the 1950s and 60s.

khim

root. adhere, adhere, [ᴹ√] stick, cleave [to]

This root first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “stick, cleave, adhere” (Ety/KHIM) along with a deleted gloss “endure” (EtyAC/KHIM). It reappeared in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 with the gloss “adhere” (PE22/103) and again Common Eldarin: Verb Strucure of the early 1950s with the same gloss (PE22/137).

min

cardinal. one

rass

noun. horn

imin

masculine name. One

olob

root. branch

A root mentioned in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from the late 1960s serving as the basis for Q. olba of the same meaning (PM/341). Q. olvar “growing things with roots in the earth” from The Silmarillion was probably related (S/45, 345). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, “branch” words were derived from unglossed ᴹ√GOLOB: ᴹQ. olwa and N. golf “branch” (Ety/GÓLOB).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume √GOLOB is a Sindarin-only variant of √OLOB, perhaps influenced by √GAL “grow”. This would allow us to retain golf = “branch”, though the one name where it appeared, N. Gurtholf “Wand of Death” (Ety/ÑGUR; LR/147), became S. Gurthang “Iron of Death” in later versions of The Silmarillion (S/210).

ras-

verb. to stick out

A verb mentioned in the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the 1950s as an example of how z dissimilates back to s after r (PE19/73). It is clearly a verbal derivation of √RAS, which was translated as “stick up” in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/RAS).

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon had ᴱQ. nohto- “stick out” under the early root ᴱ√NOHO “extended” (QL/67).

himya-

verb. to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by

himya- vb. "to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by" (KHIM, VT45:22)

olwen

branch, wand, stick

olwen (olwenn-) noun "branch, wand, stick" (LT2:342)

himíte

adjective. clinging, able to stick on

rassë

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun appearing as ᴹQ. rasse “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” along with a variant form rasko (Ety/RAS). In that document Tolkien said it was used “especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains”. The word rasse “horn” reappeared on a (rejected) page of verb forms from 1948 (PE22/127 note #152), and again in notes from the 1950s or 60s discussing the mountain name S. Caradhras (PE17/36).

himta-

verb. to make stick, attach

@@@ mt not valid in Quenya

himítë

adjective. clinging, sticking, (lit.) able to stick on; persistent, chronic

tulca-

verb. to set up, establish, *found; to fix, stick in,

tyulta-

verb. to rear up, stick up

nasta

spear-head, spear-point, gore, triangle

nasta (1) noun "spear-head, spear-point, gore, triangle" _(SNAS/SNAT; see VT46:14 about second gloss being "spear-point" and not simply "point" as in the printed Etymologies), "prick, point, stick, thrust" (NAS)_

olba

noun. branch

A noun for “branch” in The Shibboleth of Fëanor from 1968 derived from primitive √OLOB (PM/341). It may be a variant of olva “plant”, since lv was sometimes pronounced lb (LotR/1121; PE17/129).

Conceptual Development: The Etymologies of the 1930s had ᴹQ. olwa “branch” derived from primitive ᴹ✶golbā under the root ᴹ√GOLOB (Ety/GÓLOB). The lw in this word seems to be a remnant of Early Qenya phonetic developments, where sometimes lb became lw, the best example being early ᴱQ. elwen vs. Elben “heart” (QL/35; LT2/202). There was a similar word ᴱQ. olwe(n) that was cognate to G. olf(in) “branch, wand, stick” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/62), possibly also an example of lb > lw.

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

a

cardinal. one

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

him-

verb. adhere

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

mitta-

insert

mitta- (1) vb. "insert" (VT43:30)

mitta-

verb. to insert, to insert; [ᴹQ.] to come in, [ᴱQ.] enter (intr.)

A verb glossed “insert” in notes from the 1950s derived from the root √MI “in” (VT43/30). ᴹQ. mitta- was also glossed “insert” in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 (PE22/110), but in some sentences in the same document it was translated “come in” used intransitively: ᴹQ. á he mittar “let them come in” and mitt’ā́ “come in!” (PE22/106). It was used to mean “get in” in a phrase from Demonstrative, Relative, and Correlative Stems (DRC), also from 1948, in the phrase: me·mittanelme i·mbarenna “we got into the house” (PE23/97), with the thing entered in the allative and a reflexive pronoun -lme “us” as the object. In its early appearance in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. mitta- was glossed “enter (intr.)” and derived from the early root ᴱ√MĪ (QL/61).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would assume mitta- can be used intransitively for “enter [= insert oneself]” and transitively for “insert”, with the thing inserted as the direct object and the thing entered in the allative. Hence mittanen latil i fendenna “I inserted a key into the door” but mittanen i fendenna “I entered [inserted myself] into the door”. With no object or allative, it simply means “go/come in”.

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

nasta-

verb. prick, sting

nasta- (2) vb. "prick, sting" (NAS)

olba

branch

olba noun "branch" (PM:340; the form *olva may be more frequent; olba can only occur in the Quenya variant that uses lb for lv_. The Etymologies, stem GÓLOB, has _olwa. See also olvar.)

olwa

branch

olwa noun "branch" (GÓLOB). Read perhaps *olva in LotR-style Quenya (since the root indicates that lw originates from lb, which in Tolkiens later scheme would rather yield lv, reverting to lb in some forms of late pronunciation; the form olba is attested in PM:340).

panya-

verb. fix, set

panya- vb. "fix, set" (PAN). The verb napan- (q.v.), "add" or literally *"to-set", may argue the existence of a shorter stem #pan- as well.

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

rassë

horn

rassë, also rasco, noun "horn" (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains) (RAS/VT46:10, PM:69)

romba

horn, trumpet

romba noun "horn, trumpet" (ROM)

róma

horn

róma (1) noun "horn" (WJ:368 - this refers to a "horn" as an instrument rather than as part of an animal; see rassë, tarca_)._Loose compound Oromë róma "an Oromë horn", sc. "one of Orome's horns (if he had more than one)" (WJ:368).

róma

noun. horn, [ᴹQ.] loud sound, trumpet-sound, *blare; [Q.] horn

A word glossed “horn” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 in phrases like Q. róma Oroméva “Orome’s horn” (WJ/368), clearly a reference to Q. Valaróma (S/29). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, ᴹQ. róma was glossed “loud sound, trumpet-sound” under the root ᴹ√ROM “loud noise, horn blast” (Ety/ROM). In The Etymologies the word for “horn” was ᴹQ. romba, a word that also appeared as Q. romba “horn, trumpet” later in the Quendi and Eldar essay (WJ/400).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I would use róma mainly for horn blasts and trumpet sounds. I would only use it for “horn” metaphorically in words like Valaróma, and for the ordinary word for “horn” I would use romba.

Conceptual Development: The Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s had ᴱQ. likinne and [lik]inde “blowing of horns”, both elaborations of ᴱQ. likin “(curled) horn” (QL/54).

tac-

verb. fasten

tac- ("k") vb. "fasten" (the form tacë given in the Etymologies is translated "he fastens", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist), pa.t. tancë (TAK)

tarca

horn

tarca ("k")noun "horn" (TARÁK)

taru

horn

taru noun "horn" (LT2:337, 347; Tolkien's later Quenya has tarca)

tulca-

verb. fix, set up, establish

tulca- (2) ("k") vb. "fix, set up, establish" (LT1:270)

nasta

stick

(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (point, prick, thrust);

nasta

stick

(i nasta, in nastar) (point, prick, thrust);

ras(s)

noun. horn, horn [of both animals and mountains]

A noun for “horn” appearing in notes on the name Caradhras “Redhorn” from the 1950s or 60s (PE17/36). This word was an element in other names as well, such as Methedras “Last Peak” and Nimras “White Horn”.

Conceptual Development: This word appeared as N. rhas “horn” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√RAS “stick up” (Ety/RAS). Christopher Tolkien gave it as rhaes in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road (LR/383), but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne corrected this to rhas in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT46/10). In The Etymologies it appeared beside an alternate form N. rhasg, equivalent to ᴹQ. rasko (Ety/RAS; EtyAC/RAS).

Neo-Sindarin: Some Neo-Sindarin writers adapt its variant form as ᴺS. rasg, but I recommend sticking to attested S. ras(s) for a “horn” of both animals and mountains.

hinia-

verb. to stick to, adhere, cleave to, abide by

nestag

stick in

(i nestag, in nestegir) (insert), pa.t. nestanc

nestag

stick in

nestag- (i nestag, in nestegir) (insert), pa.t. nestanc

ercha

prick

(verb) 1) ercha- (i ercha, in erchar), 2) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (point, stick, thrust)

nestag

insert

nestag- (i nestag, in nestegir) (stick in), pa.t. nestanc

nestag

insert

(i nestag, in nestegir) (stick in), pa.t. nestanc

tag-

verb. to fix, to fix, *fasten, [G.] make firm, construct

This verb appeared in some rough notes from around 1969 in various past forms such tanc “fixed”, tancher/tanker “they fixed” and tanchen “I fix” (PE23/138 note #12). See the discussion of the Sindarin past tense for more detail on these past forms. The verb ✱tag- is clearly based on the root √TAK “fix, fasten”.

Conceptual Development: The verb G. tag- “fix, make firm, construct” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/68), likely based on the early root ᴱ√TAKA “fix, fasten” (QL/88).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use tag- only in the later sense of its root: “to fix, ✱fasten”. For “make firm” I would use [N.] tangad(a)- and for “construct” I would use [ᴱN.] adaba- “build”.

eitha-

verb. to prick with a sharp point, to stab

eitha-

verb. to treat with scorn, insult

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

ras

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

The form rhaes in the Etymologies is a misreading according to VT/46:10

rasg

noun. horn (especially on living animal, but also applied to mountains)

rass

horn

_ n. _horn. >> Caradhras

rom

noun. horn, trumpet

avorn

staying

(not moving, fast), pl. evyrn

dartha

stay

1. dartha- (i dhartha, i narthar) (wait, remain, last, endure) (VT45:8), 2) dortha- (i northa, i ndorthar) (dwell). Adj.

dartha

stay

(i dhartha, i narthar) (wait, remain, last, endure) (VT45:8)

dortha

stay

(i northa, i ndorthar) (dwell). Adj.

eru

the one

isolated from

min

cardinal. one

1. (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

olf

branch

olf (wand), pl. ylf, coll. pl. olvath

olf

branch

(wand), pl. ylf, coll. pl. olvath

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

penia

fix

penia- (i benia, i pheniar) (set);

penia

fix

(i benia, i pheniar) (set);

pân

fixed board in a floor

(i bân, o phân, construct pan) (plank), pl. pain (i phain). Not to be confused with the adj. ✱pân ”all”.

rafn

horn

(wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn)

rasg

noun. horn

rass

horn

(mountain peak), pl. #rais (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg.

rom

horn

1. rom (trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.) 2) rass (mountain peak), pl. #rais** (idh rais). The pl. is attested in the name Ered Nimrais. Side-form rasc, rasg. 3) rafn (wing, extended point at the side), pl. raifn (idh raifn); 4) tarag (i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig**). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

rom

horn

(trumpet), pl. rym (idh rym), coll. pl. rommath. (Cf. also romloth ”horn-flower”, tobacco.)

rû

sound of horns

pl. rui (idh rui), also romru, pl. remry (idh remry) for archaic römry

taetha

fasten

taetha- (tie) (i daetha, i thaethar)

taetha

fasten

(tie) (i daetha, i thaethar)

tarag

horn

(i darag, o tharag), pl. teraig (i theraig). The word may be used of a ”steep mountain peak” (VT46:17; ”steep mountain path” in LR:391 is a misreading).

till

sharp horn

(i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (tine, point, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild.

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

ash

cardinal. one

ash

cardinal. one

inbar

noun. horn

er

cardinal. one

min

cardinal. one