osco

cardinal. seven

otos

cardinal. seven

otso

cardinal. seven

otso cardinal "seven" (SA:sîr, OT/OTOS/OTOK, VT48:6); otsëa ordinal "seventh" (VT42:25)

otso

cardinal. seven

Changes

• otso → otos ✧ PE17/095
• oxo → otso ✧ VT47/42

Cognates

• S. odog “seven” ✧ PE17/095; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06
• T. otos “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT47/42

Element in

• ᴺQ. otoquain “seventy”
• ᴺQ. otoquëan “seventy”
• Q. otoquë “seventeen”
• Q. o(to)sta “one seventh”
• Q. otsëa “seventh”
• ᴺQ. otsola “(seven-day) week”
• ᴺQ. otsollumë “seven times”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√otok > osko	[otoko] > [otko] > [oθko] > [osko]	✧ VT47/42
√otok > otko > osko > oxo	[otoko] > [otko] > [oθko] > [osko] > [okso]	✧ VT47/42
√otos > otso	[otso]	✧ VT47/42

Variations

• otos ✧ PE17/095
• osko ✧ VT47/42
• oxo ✧ VT47/42 (oxo)

odo

cardinal. seven

odo

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

Cognates

• Q. otso “seven” ✧ PE17/095; SA/sîr; VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

• ✶otoso “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25
  • √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT42/24
• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Element in

• S. linnod “type of poetic meter, (lit.) ?seven-chant”
• ᴺS. odophaen “seventy”
• ᴺS. odobaen “seventy”
• S. othui “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• ᴺS. paenodog “seventeen”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶Otos > odo-	[otoso] > [otoho] > [otoh] > [odoh] > [odo]	✧ RC/384
✶otoso > odo	[otoso] > [otoho] > [otoh] > [odoh] > [odo]	✧ VT42/25
√otok > odog	[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]	✧ VT47/42
√otok > odog	[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]	✧ VT47/42

Variations

• odo- ✧ RC/384
• odo ✧ SA/sîr; VT42/25; VT42/31 (odo)
• odo(g) ✧ VT48/06

odog

cardinal. seven

odog (also odo in Doriathrin Sindarin).

odog

seven

(also odo in Doriathrin Sindarin).

odothui

seventh

othui, also ochui (VT47:42)

otos

cardinal. seven

Changes

• otok(o) → otos(o) “seven” ✧ VT47/42

Cognates

• Q. otso “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT48/06

Derivations

• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Variations

• otok(o) ✧ VT47/42 (otok(o))
• otos(o) ✧ VT47/42
• okko ✧ VT47/42
• osko ✧ VT47/42

hazad

noun. seven

A number translated as “seven”, appearing in the form hazad in the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/247), but in the form hazid in Lowdham’s Report (SD/427-8). Helge Fauskanger suggested (AL/Adûnaic) it may be related to the dwarvish word Khazâd “Dwarves”, who were divided into seven houses.

Element in

• Ad. balîk hazad an-Nimruzîr azûlada “seven ships of Elendil [went] eastward” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. gimlî hazid “seven (of) stars” ✧ SD/427; SD/428

Variations

• hazid ✧ SD/427; SD/428

otos/otok

root. seven

Tolkien used similar Elvish words for “seven” for much of his life. The earliest derivation for this number appears in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where ᴱQ. otso “seven” is given under the root ᴱ√OTO “knock”, though the etymological relationship is unclear and Tolkien marked ᴱQ. otso with a “?”; the root also has the derivatives ᴱQ. otoke “beating of breasts, wailing” and ᴱQ. otto- “knock” (QL/71). G. odin “seven” from the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon is probably related (GL/62).

The “knock” sense may have lived on in roots like ᴹ√TON, ᴹ√TAM and √TOM (PE22/103; Ety/TAM; PE17/138), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s, words for “seven” were derived from the root ᴹ√OT with two distinct extensions ᴹ√OTOS and ᴹ√OTOK, producing respectively ᴹQ. otso and N. odog “seven” (Ety/OT). This primitive otos/otok variation reappeared in Tolkien’s writings on Elvish Hands, Fingers and Numerals from the late 1960s (VT47/42; VT48/6), though at various points Tolkien considered deriving the Quenya word from ✶otok (VT47/42) and the Sindarin word from ✶otos (RC/384; VT42/25). In his later writings, Tolkien seems to have favored ✶otos as the “true” ancient root for seven, explaining S. odog as variant produced by analogy with other forms like eneg “six” after the final s was lost (VT42/25, 31 note #61).

Derivatives

• ✶otoso “seven” ✧ VT42/24
  • S. odog “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25
• Q. otso “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42; VT47/42
• S. odog “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42
• ᴺS. odob “seventeen”
• ᴺS. odoph “seventeen”
• T. otos “seven” ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42

Variations

• ot-os ✧ VT42/24; VT48/10
• otos ✧ VT47/12; VT47/15; VT47/16; VT47/16; VT47/42
• otok ✧ VT47/42; VT47/42 (otok)

otoso

ordinal. seven

Derivations

• √OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ VT42/24

Derivatives

• S. odog “seven” ✧ RC/384; VT42/25

Element in

• ✶otsōyā “seventh” ✧ VT42/25
• S. Ossir “Seven-rivers” ✧ RC/384
• S. Ossiriand “Land of Seven Rivers”

Variations

• Otos ✧ RC/384

odog

cardinal. seven

odog

cardinal. seven

Cognates

• ᴹQ. otso “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Derivations

• ᴹ√OT/OTOS/OTOK “seven” ✧ Ety/OT

Element in

• N. Edegil “Seven Stars” ✧ Ety/OT
• N. Odothui “Seventh”
• N. Odotheg “Seventh”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√OT/OTOS/OTOK > odog	[otoko] > [otok] > [odok] > [odog]	✧ Ety/OT