nehta-

deprive

nehta- (3) vb. "deprive" (PE17:167)

sanca

cleft, split

sanca (þ) ("k") noun? (or adj, or both?) "cleft, split" (STAK)

satya

private, separate, not common, excluded

satya adj. "private, separate, not common, excluded" (VT42:20)

satya

adjective. private, separate, not common, excluded

Cognates

• S. said “private, separate, not common, excluded” ✧ VT42/20

Derivations

• √SAT “space, place; divide, apportion, mark off” ✧ VT42/19

Element in

• ᴺQ. alasatya “common, general, *communal, (lit.) not private”
• ᴺQ. satyasambë “privy, lavatory”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAT > satya	[satja]	✧ VT42/19

yáwë

ravine, cleft, gulf

yáwë noun "ravine, cleft, gulf" (YAG; according to VT46:22, the last gloss should perhaps be read as "gully" instead)

hyatsë

cleft, gash

hyatsë noun "cleft, gash" (SYAD), apparently changed by Tolkien from hyassë (VT46:16)

falqua

cleft, mountain pass, ravine

falqua ("q") noun "cleft, mountain pass, ravine" (LT2:341)

ciris

cleft, crack

ciris _("k")_noun "cleft, crack" (LT2:337 - obsoleted by cirissë?)

cilta-

verb. to divide, separate

Derivations

• √KIL “choose, select, choose, select; [ᴹ√] divide; [ᴱ√] edge”

Element in

• ᴺQ. ciltië “division, separation”

riss

noun. ravine

riss

noun/adjective. cleft, cloven, separate; cleft

Cognates

• Q. rissë “?cleft, ravine” ✧ PE17/087

Derivations

• ✶rinsa “cleft, cloven, separate” ✧ PE17/087
  • √RIS “cut, cleave, cut, cleave; [ᴹ√] slash, rip” ✧ PE17/087

Element in

• S. Imladris “Rivendell, (lit.) Deep Dale of the Cleft” ✧ PE17/087

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶rinsa > riss	[rinse] > [risse] > [riss]	✧ PE17/087

falch

noun. deep cleft, ravine

said

adjective. private, separate, not common, excluded

Cognates

• Q. satya “private, separate, not common, excluded” ✧ VT42/20

Derivations

• √SAT “space, place; divide, apportion, mark off” ✧ VT42/19

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√SAT > said	[satja] > [satia] > [setia] > [seti] > [seit] > [seid] > [said]	✧ VT42/19

said

adjective. private, separate, not common, excluded

criss

noun. cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine

A word for a “cleft, cut, slash” (PE21/81; Ety/KIRIS) derived from √KIRIS, a blend of the roots √KIR and √RIS (PE17/87).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to G. criss “cleft, gash, gully” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where it was probably already a derivative of the early root ᴱ√KIRISI as suggested by Christopher Tolkien (GL/27; LT2A/Cris Ilbranteloth). In the Name-list to The Fall of Gondolin Tolkien gave cris with the definition “a cleft, ravine, or narrow way of waters with high walls” (PE15/21), and in this period it typically appeared in this shorter form within names like G. Cris Ilbranteloth or G. Cris Thorn.

N. criss appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “cleft, cut, slash” under the root ᴹ√KIRIS “cut” (Ety/KIRIS). It also appeared under the root ᴹ√KIR with the gloss “cleft, pass”, but this instance was deleted (EtyAC/KIR). S. criss “cleft” was mentioned in passing in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s as derived from primitive ✶kirissi (PE21/80-81), and it was mentioned as a blending of roots in notes on Words, Phrases and Passages from the Lord of the Rings from the late 1950s or early 1960s as described above (PE17/87). Its use in names diminished over time, however, the only remnant in the final version of The Silmarillion being S. Crissaegrim (S/121).

Neo-Sindarin: In The Etymologies of the 1930s it seems this word was principally used as for a “cleft, cut, slash” independent of geography. I would assume the same is true for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since criss is used only in a single geographic name in Tolkien’s later writings; S. cirith was use more broadly in geographic features. I would also assume it was a larger and more violent cut (a “gash” or “slash”) compared to S. rest for simple cuts.

Derivations

• √KIRIS “cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split”
• ✶kirissi “cleft” ✧ PE21/80
  • √KIRIS “cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split”

Element in

• S. Crissaegrim “*Cleft Mountain Peaks”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kirissi > criss	[kiríssi] > [kirísse] > [krisse] > [kriss]	✧ PE21/80

riss

adjective. cleft

_ adj. _cleft, cloven, separate. Q. rista, risse, rinse. >> Imladris

cirith

noun. cleft, high climbing pass, narrow passage cut through earth or rock, ravine, defile

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

said

separate

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

separate

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (private, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

private

said (lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

said

private

(lenited haid; no distinct pl. form) (separate, not common, excluded) (VT42:20)

neitha

deprive

(or, to wrong) #neitha- (i neitha, in neithar), isolated from Neithan ”Wronged” (as participle/derived noun)

neitha

deprive

(i neitha, in neithar), isolated from Neithan ”Wronged” (as participle/derived noun)

falch

ravine

(deep cleft), pl. felch

iaw

ravine

1) iaw (cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”. 2) ress (construct res), pl. riss (idh riss), 3) rest (cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 4) riss (construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)

iaw

ravine

(cleft, gulf), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”.

ress

ravine

(construct res), pl. riss (idh riss)

rest

ravine

(cleft, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

riss

ravine

(construct ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh riss)****

rest

cleft

(ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist)

rist

cleft

(noun) 1) rist (-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”, 2) cirith (i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith), 3) cîl (i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”. 4) criss (i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”, 5) rest (ravine, cut), pl. rist (idh rist), 6) (deep cleft) falch (ravine[?]), pl. felch

rist

cleft

(-ris), no distinct pl. except with article (idh rist). Note: a homophone means ”cleaver, cutter”

cirith

cleft

(i girith, o chirith) (cutting, pass), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chirith)

criss

cleft

(i griss, o chriss, construct cris) (cut, slash), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chriss), 4) iaw (gulf, ravine), pl. ioe. Note: a homophone means ”corn”

cîl

cleft

(i gîl, o chîl) (pass between hills, gorge), no distinct pl. form except with article (i chîl), coll. pl. cíliath. A homophone means ”renewal”.

falch

cleft

(ravine[?]), pl. felch

thanc

cleft

(adj.) thanc (forked, split), pl. thainc

thanc

cleft

(forked, split), pl. thainc

hek

root. aside, apart, separate

This root appeared in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 glossed “aside, apart, separate” (WJ/361) with derivatives having mostly to do with exclusion, abandonment and outcasts, such as: Q. hequa/T. heco “excluding, except”; Q. heca/S. ego “be gone!”; Q. hehta-/T. hecta- “abandon”; Q. hecil/S. eglan “outcast, (one) forsaken” (WJ/364-5). The last of these is especially notable, in that it is the basis for S. †Eglan “Forsaken (Elf)”, one of the names the Sindar used for themselves, especially among the people of Círdan.

Although there are no obvious precursors to √HEK itself in the sense “apart, separate”, Egla was long among the words Tolkien used for the Elves, along with related names like Eglamar, originally “Elfhome” and later “Home of the Eglain”. It appeared as G. Egla “being from outside” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, based on G. eg “far away” < ᴱ√EIKA (GL/32). In the 1930s this became Ilk. Egla “Star-folk, Elf” < ᴹ√ed(e)la with the Ilkorin sound change whereby [[ilk|[dl] became [gl]]] (Ety/ELED). Thus it seems √HEK was Tolkien’s latest attempt to preserve Elga(n) as a word for Elves, though with a different meaning than its earlier incarnations.

Derivatives

• ✶heke “apart, not including” ✧ WJ/361
• ✶hekelā “a waif or outcast” ✧ WJ/361; WJ/364
  • S. Eglan “Forsaken (Elf)” ✧ WJ/365
• ✶hekla “any thing (or person) put aside from or left out from its normal company” ✧ WJ/361
  • ᴺS. egol “else, something else”
• ✶heklō “a waif or outcast” ✧ WJ/361
• ✶hektā “set aside, cast out, forsake” ✧ WJ/361
• ✶hek-wā “leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except” ✧ WJ/364
  • Q. hequa “leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except” ✧ WJ/364
  • T. heco “leaving aside, not counting, excluding, except” ✧ WJ/364
• Q. heca “be gone!, stand aside!” ✧ WJ/364
• Q. Hecel “Elf who stayed in Beleriand” ✧ WJ/364
• Q. hecil “one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw” ✧ WJ/364
• Q. hecile “one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw (f.)” ✧ WJ/364
• Q. hecilo “one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw (m.)”
• Q. hehta- “to put aside, leave out, exclude, abandon, forsake” ✧ WJ/364
• ᴺQ. henca “rare (as opposite of dense)”
• ᴺS. eb “save, except”
• ᴺS. egel “other”
• S. ego “be off!” ✧ WJ/364
• T. heca “be gone!, stand aside!” ✧ WJ/364
• T. Hecello “those [Elves] left in Beleriand” ✧ WJ/364
• T. hecta- “to reject, abandon” ✧ WJ/364
• T. heculo “one lost or forsaken by friends, waif, outcast, outlaw” ✧ WJ/364

Element in

• ᴺQ. heconna “child born out of wedlock, bastard”

Variations

• HEKE ✧ WJ/361
• hek ✧ WJ/365
• Heke ✧ WJ/392

rinsa

adjective. cleft, cloven, separate

Derivations

• √RIS “cut, cleave, cut, cleave; [ᴹ√] slash, rip” ✧ PE17/087

Derivatives

• S. riss “cleft, cloven, separate; cleft” ✧ PE17/087

nek

root. divide, separate, part; deprive

Derivatives

• Q. -enca “without, -less” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. nec- “without” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. nehta- “to deprive” ✧ PE17/167
• Q. nehtano “one deprived, exile whose rights and goods have been confiscated” ✧ PE17/167
• S. neitha- “to wrong, deprive”
• S. neithan “one deprived, exile whose rights and goods have been confiscated” ✧ PE17/167

Element in

• √ENEK “six” ✧ VT47/16; VT48/09

Variations

• NEK ✧ PE17/145; PE17/167; VT47/16; VT48/09

kirissi

noun. cleft

Derivations

• √KIRIS “cleave, cleave, [ᴹ√] cut, [ᴱ√] split”

Derivatives

• S. criss “cleft, cleft, [N.] cut, slash, [G.] gash; [N.] pass, [G.] gully, ravine” ✧ PE21/80

rhess

noun. ravine

rhess

noun. ravine

rhis

noun. ravine

rhis

noun. ravine

Derivations

• ᴹ✶risse- “a ravine” ✧ Ety/RIS²
  • ᴹ√RIS “slash, rip” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Element in

• N. Imladris(t) “Rivendell” ✧ Ety/RIS²

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶risse- > rhis	[risse] > [riss] > [r̥iss]	✧ Ety/RIS²
ᴹ✶risse- > rhess	[rissa] > [ressa] > [ress] > [r̥ess]	✧ Ety/RIS²

Variations

• rhess ✧ Ety/RIS²

iau

noun. ravine, cleft, gulf

thanc

adjective. cleft, split, forked

cîl

noun. cleft, pass between hills, gorge

criss

noun. cleft, cut, slash