tharm

noun. saw

A word appearing as G. tharm or thram “a saw” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of G. thar- “saw (up)” (GL/72-73).

Neo-Sindarin: Since I retain ᴺS. thar- “to saw (up)” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would retain the noun as well, but updated to ᴺS. tharf “saw” to better fit later Sindarin phonology.

thram

noun. saw

thar-

verb. to saw (up)

A verb appearing as G. thar- “saw (up)” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/72), likely based on the early ᴱ√SARA “saw” (QL/82). The Gnomish word indicates an actual root form of ✱ᴱ√ÞARA.

Neo-Sindarin: The root √THAR means “across” in Tolkien’s later writings, but I think ᴺS. thar- “to saw (up)” is still salvageable from an original sense of “✱(cut) across”.

fas-

verb. to wash

A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “wash”, marked with a “✱” indicating it also served as a primitive root ✱ᴱ√FASA (GL/34).

gwinta-

verb. to see

gwâs

noun. juice

thê-

verb. to see

sarma

noun. saw

A word appearing as ᴱQ. sarma “a saw” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a noun form of ᴱQ. sara- “saw” under the root ᴱ√SARA of the similar meaning (QL/82).

Neo-Quenya: Since I retain ᴺQ. sara- “to saw [wood]” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain the noun ᴺQ. sarma “saw” as well.

sara-

verb. to saw

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. sara- “saw” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root {ᴱ√SAŘA >>} ᴱ√SARA, apparently of the same meaning (QL/82). Its Gnomish cognate G. thar- “saw (up)” indicates an actual root form of ✱ᴱ√ÞARA.

Neo-Quenya: The root √THAR means “across” in Tolkien’s later writings, but I think ᴺQ. sara- “to saw [wood]” is still salvageable from an original sense of “✱(cut) across”.

karkasarma

noun. large saw

A word appearing as ᴱQ. karkasarma “a large saw” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, a combination of ᴱQ. karka “fang” and ᴱQ. sarma “saw” (QL/48).

Neo-Quenya: Since Q. carca “fang” appears in Tolkien’s later writings and I retain ᴺQ. sarma “saw” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would retain ᴺQ. carcasarma “large saw” as well.

kildo kirya ninqe

a white ship one saw

The first phrase of the first version of the Oilima Markirya poem (MC/220). The first word kildo “one saw, he saw” is the aorist 3rd-singular masculine inflect of the verb kili- “to see”, as suggested by Gilson, Welden, and Hostetter (PE16/56). It is followed by the object of the phrase: kirya ninqe “a white ship”.

Decomposition: Broken into its constituent elements, this phrase would be:

> kil-do kirya ninqe = “✱see-he ship white”

Conceptual Development: This phrase appeared in the very first draft of the poem (OM1a: PE16/56), where Tolkien first considered using a past-tense formation killer >> kílier before settling on the aorist kildo. The phrase remained the same thereafter in all later drafts, ignoring the aberrant Finnish-like spelling of the fifth draft (OM1e), though in the third draft it was the second line rather than the first (OM1c: PE16/60).

allu-

verb. to wash

A verb for “wash” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants allu, alnu-, both under the early root ᴱ√ALU “cleanse, dress” (QL/30).

alnu-

verb. to wash

pulqe

noun. juice

sehta-

verb. to see

sovo-

verb. to wash

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. sovo- “wash” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√SOVO or ᴱ√SOW̯O “wash” (QL/86).

Neo-Quenya: In some Neo-Quenya writings (including earlier versions of this lexicon), ᴺQ. sov- is used as the neologism for “wash”. However, in 2024 the word Q. hwal- “wash” was published in PE23, and this is now preferable to sov- for this meaning. I am currently retaining sov- as a neologism for “✱bathe” instead, but may revisit this in future versions of this lexicon.

vasa

noun. juice

véla

verb. to see

sara

root. *saw

þara Reconstructed

root. *saw

wasa Speculative

root. juice

gail luithien heb eglavar

Lúthien he saw, as a star from Elfland

pess

noun. saying, to say, a saying, [sic.] saw

lhuv-

verb. to wash

A verb in the Early Noldorin Grammar of the 1920s glossed “wash” with various inflected forms (PE13/132). Tolkien indicated its archaic form was lub-, and its modern forms had either lhu- or lhuv-.

manar i·ennor/lie i me·kenner

who (are or were) the persons/people that we saw?

nikenne karnietta ye mírindanet/s

*I saw its redness and admired it

ni·kenne allane umma

I saw nobody at all

tasse ni·kenne laqe imma

there I saw nobody whatsoever

sáva

noun. juice

A noun in The Etymologies of the late 1930s glossed “juice” from the root ᴹ√SAB of the same meaning (Ety/SAB).

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. văsă “juice” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (a cognate to G. gwâs) is a possible precursor (GL/44).

ken-

verb. to see

apsa

noun. juice

kenya-

verb. to see

pite

noun. juice

sab

root. juice

This root was one of a surprisingly large number of roots Tolkien used for “juice”, appearing as ᴹ√SAB in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives ᴹQ. sáva/N. saw “juice” (Ety/SAB). It might be a variant of (hypothetical) early root ✱ᴱ√WASA needed to explain the forms G. gwâs and ᴱQ. vasa “juice” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/44). The primitive form ᴹ✶sāba also appeared in a rough 1940 note with the word N. iofog “fruit drink”, though Tolkien ultimately decided the second element was derived from ᴹ√SUK “drink” (TMME/53).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would assume this root refers mainly fruit juice and pulp, as opposed to syrup and tree sap which would be derived from ᴹ√PIS.

sōba

noun. juice