lobor

noun. horse, [heavy riding] horse

A word for “horse” in The Etymologies of the 1930s, derived from the root ᴹ√LOP (EtyAC/LOP). It did not appear in The Etymologies as published in The Lost Road, but Carl Hostetter and Patrick Wynne reported it in their Addenda and Corrigenda to the Etymologies (VT45/28).

Conceptual Development: The similar word G. lobros “steed, horse” appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/54), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√LOPO that was the basis for “horse” words in the Qenya Lexicon (QL/56). In The Etymologies, Tolkien first gave the root as ᴹ√LOB and the Noldorin form as {lum >>} lhuv, perhaps from ✱lōbo, but these were deleted and replaced by ᴹ√LOP and lobor.

Neo-Sindarin: Since Tolkien sometimes described S. roch as a “swift horse”, I’d assume lobor was a heavy riding horse or war horse.

lobor

noun. horse

roch

noun. (swift) horse

rohiroth

collective name. Horse-lords, Horse-masters

rohan

place name. Horse-land

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

blâb

verb. (he) flaps, beats

The Etymologies seem to list this word as a noun, but it is clearly the third person singular of the verb

lhammas

noun. account of tongues

lhâf

verb. (he) licks

lhôd

verb. (he) floats

orthor

verb. (he) masters, conquers

osgar

verb. (he) cuts, amputates

síla

verb. (he) shines white

sôg

verb. (he) drinks

thia

verb. it appears

tôg

verb. (he) leads, brings

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

karab

noun. horse

A noun translated “horse”, given by Tolkien as an example of how common-nouns can be altered into masculine and feminine forms using the suffixes -û and -î: karbî “mare” and karbû “stallion” (SD/434).

roch

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Sindarin, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: The first precursor to this word seems to be G. brog “horse” from the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s (GL/24), though at the time it had no Qenya cognates. ᴱN. brog “horse” reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/139), but by The Etymologies of the 1930s it had become N. roch “horse”, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK; EtyAC/ROK). Tolkien seems to have mainly stuck with this form thereafter.

rochand

place name. Rohan, Horse-country

Archaic form of the name Rohan (LotR/1115), a combination of roch “horse” and the archaic suffix †-ian(d) “land” (Let/382).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, the form (ON.?) Rochan(dor) implies a different history for this name (RS/435).

rochirrim

collective name. Horse-lords

Archaic form of the name Rohirrim, a combination of roch “horse”, hîr “lord” and the class-plural suffix -rim “land” (Let/178, UT/318).

roheryn

proper name. Horse of the Lady

Aragorn’s horse (LotR/778), translated “Horse of the Lady” (SA/roch) or “Steed of the Lady” (PE17/97), a combination of roch “horse” and heryn “lady” (PE17/97), with the [[s|[x] (“ch”) softening to [h] in Gondorian pronunciation]].

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, this name was already N. Roheryn (WR/435). The name also appeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s beside an older form Rocheryn (EtyAC/KHER).

rohirrim

collective name. Horse-lords

The riders of Rohan, translated “Horse-lords” (LotR/262), a combination of roch “horse”, hîr “lord” and the class-plural suffix -rim (Let/382), with the [[s|[x] (“ch”) softening to [h] in Gondorian pronunciation]] (LotR/1113).

Conceptual Development: In Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, Tolkien first considered using N. Rohiroth (RS/440) and N. Rohirwaith (WR/22) using different suffixes for the class-plural.

Rohan (AS Rochand)

noun. horse country

roh (from roch “horse”) + and (commonly used suffix in the names of regions and countries)

Rohír

noun. horse lords

roh (from roch “horse”) + hîr (pl. of hîr “lord”)

rochir

noun. knight, horse-lord

rochirrim

noun. horse-lords, the people of Rohan

roch

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

rochir

noun. horse-lord

roch

horse

(swift horse for riding) roch, pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

lobor

horse

lobor, analogical pl. lebyr (VT45:28)

lobor

horse

analogical pl. **lebyr **(VT45:28)

roch

horse

pl. rych (idh rych) (Letters:282)

rochir

horse-lord

rochir (knight, rider), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rochir

horse-lord

rochir (knight, rider), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rochir

horse-lord

(knight, rider), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. *rochirrim** (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)*

rochir

knight

rochir (rider, horse-lord), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. rochirrim (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)

rochir

knight

(rider, horse-lord), no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rochir), coll. pl. *rochirrim** (UT:318, Letters:178, 282)*

Lossoth

noun. the Snowmen

anfangrim

noun. the Longbeards (a tribe of Dwarves)

anglennatha

verb. (he) will approach

arben

noun. knight

_ n. _knight. Q. arquen. i·arben na megil and 'The Knight of the Long Sword'.

arben

noun. knight

avo

verb. don't!

Used as a negative adverb before an imperative: avo garo "don't do it!". Sometimes used as prefix: avgaro

avon

verb. I won't

cuio

verb. live!

dagorath

noun. all the battles

drúwaith

noun. the wilderness of the Drû-men (q.v.)

falathrim

noun. people of the Falas

galadhad

noun. the Two Trees of Valinor

lammas

noun. account of tongues

lâf

verb. (he) licks

lôd

verb. (he) floats

noro

verb. run! ride!

Untranslated in LotR, but written nora-lim and rendered as "ride on" in RS/196 (not a literal translation) and later translated as "run swift" in RC/195. A verb nor- is attested in the old Gnomish lexicon, PE/11:61, with the meaning "to run, roll"

pêd

verb. (he) says

rammas

noun. (great) wall

roch

noun. steed

n. Zoo. steed. >> Rocheryn

rohir

noun. knight

tôl

verb. (he) comes

According to WJ/301, the expression tôl acharn "vengeance comes" was later changed to tûl acharn by Tolkien

ónen

noun. I gave

Written onen in some editions of LotR. In the Qenyaqetsa, Qenya anta- is marked as having an irregular past tense áne. Assuming the same sound-shifts as observed in other words, this would indeed lead to onen in Sindarin, see PE/12:31 and TT/14:48-49

rocco

noun. horse

The usual word for “horse” in Quenya, a derivative of ✶rokkō (Let/282, 382; WJ/407) and very well attested. There are indications that this word was more specifically a “swift horse” (Let/382; EtyAC/ROK), but in most cases Tolkien used it generically.

Conceptual Development: ᴹQ. rokko “horse” first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√ROK, already with the derivation given above (Ety/ROK). The relevant entry appeared twice; in one rokko was first written as rokka “wheel”, and in the other the form was first written ronko, but in both cases Tolkien revised the word to rokko “horse”.

mairo

horse

mairo noun "horse" (GL:56; later sources have rocco, olombo)

olombo

horse

olombo noun "horse" (derived from a base LOB which Tolkien later changed to LOP; hence read *olompo for olombo?)

rocco

horse

rocco ("k")noun "horse" (ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko_). _In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco ("k"), was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco ("k") "he was a horse strong/swift at running" (VT49:29)

rocco

noun. horse

roquen

noun. horseman, rider; knight

A word for a “horseman, rider” in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60, a reduction of ancient ✶roko-kwēn “✱horse-person” (WJ/372, 407). In notes on the Disaster of Gladden Fields, Tolkien translated roquen as “knight” for a rank higher than a mere ohtar “warrior” (UT/282 note #17), though apparently all ranks rode horses. It may be that the sense “knight” applies only in a [Gondorian?] military context, while in ordinary use roquen can apply to anyone capable of riding a horse. A more general term for a “knight” as a noble person would be arquen.

roquen

horseman [but the quenya word does not show gender], rider, knight

roquen noun "horseman [but the Quenya word does not show gender], rider, knight" (WJ:372, UT:282)

tupattal

noun. horse-boot

A neologism for “horse-boot” by Fëastorno posted on 2023-05-08 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of tup- “cover” and [ᴺQ.] pattal “hoof”.

nupattal

noun. horseshoe

A neologism for “horseshoe” by Valerie posted on 2023-05-08 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS), a combination of nu “under” and [ᴺQ.] pattal “hoof”.

rokkō

noun. horse, swift horse for riding

rokokwēn

noun. horseman, rider