nande

noun. harp

Changes

• ñanda → ñande ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• nanda → nande ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGAN(AD) “play (on stringed instrument)” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Element in

• ᴺQ. cungandë “violin, (lit.) bow-harp”
• ᴺQ. langandë “stringed instrument with a neck (lute, guitar, etc.)”
• ᴹQ. nandele “harping, *repetition” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• ᴹQ. nandelle “little harp, little harp, *lyre” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• ᴹQ. tyalangan “harp-player”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGANAD > ñande	[ŋgande] > [ŋande] > [nande]	✧ Ety/ÑGAN
ᴹ√ÑGANAD > nande	[ŋgande] > [ŋande] > [nande]	✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Variations

• ñande ✧ Ety/ÑGAN
• ñanda ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN (ñanda)
• nanda ✧ EtyAC/ÑGAN (nanda)

nanda-

verb. to harp

Cognates

• N. gann(ad)a- “to play a harp” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGAN(AD) “play (on stringed instrument)” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Element in

• ᴹQ. nandaro “harper” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGANAD > ñanda-	[ŋganda-] > [ŋanda-] > [nanda-]	✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Variations

• ñanda- ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

tango

noun. twang

tinge

noun. twang

Derivations

• ᴹ√TING “ting (onomatopoeic)” ✧ Ety/TING

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√TING > tinge	[tiŋge]	✧ Ety/TING

Variations

• tango ✧ Ety/TING

gangel

noun. harp

A noun meaning “harp” derived from the root ᴹ√ÑGAN(AD) (Ety/ÑGAN), probably from a primitive form ✱✶ngandellē based on its Quenya cognate ᴹQ. nandelle. Its plural form genglin is a good representation of the rules for plural nouns in Ilkorin: the suffix -in, the syncope of the final vowel and mutation of other vowels. It is also an example of how primitive [[ilk|[nd] sometimes became [ŋg]]] in Ilkorin. As suggested by Helge Fauskanger, this may be due to assimilation to the preceding [g] (AL-Ilkorin/gangel).

Cognates

• ᴹQ. nandelle “little harp, little harp, *lyre” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Derivations

• ᴹ√ÑGAN(AD) “play (on stringed instrument)” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ÑGANAD > gangel	[ŋgandellē] > [ŋgandelle] > [ŋgandell] > [ŋgaŋgell] > [ŋgaŋgel] > [gaŋgel]	✧ Ety/ÑGAN

tyal

root. play

This root first appeared as ᴱ√TYALA “play” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with the derivative ᴱQ. tyalie “play, game” (QL/49). Forms in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon like G. dairtha- “play” < ᴱ✶daı̯al- hint that the actual primitive form might have been ✱ᴱ√DYALA or ✱ᴱ√DAYALA (GL/29). In a table of vowel mutations added as a revision to the Gnomish Lexicon Tolkien instead had forms like ᴱ✶táliı̯èndǝ > G. teilian indicating a primitive initial t- (PE13/116); similar forms appeared in the Early Noldorin Dictionary of the 1920s (PE13/165).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave ᴹ√TYAL “play” with derivatives like ᴹQ. tyal-/N. telia- “to play” and ᴹQ. tyalie/N. telien “sport, play, game” (Ety/TYAL). Tolkien continued to use Q. tyalië “mirth” in later writings (PE21/80; PE17/64), but at some point in the 1950s decided that initial palatalized dentals were no longer a feature of Primitive Elvish (PE18/93-94), making the ongoing validity of √TYAL as a CE root doubtful: see the entry on how [[at|[j] was lost after initial dentals]] in the Welsh-like branch of the Elvish languages for further details. For example, in the second version of Tengwesta Qenderinwa (TQ2) from around 1950, Tolkien indicated √TYAL was a Quenya-only root, an elaboration of √TAL:

> In Quenya initial groups ty, ny, ps, ks appeared as developments of ky, ñy, sp, sk. But being established they were used in new formations. Thus Q tyal- “play” as a variation on tal- (not kal!) (PE18/84).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to ignore Tolkien’s decision to remove initial palatalized dentals from Primitive Elvish in order to retain roots like √TYAL for both Quenya and (Neo) Sindarin.

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶tyalyā- “to play” ✧ Ety/TYAL
  • N. telia- “to play” ✧ Ety/TYAL
• ᴹQ. tyal- “to play” ✧ Ety/TYAL
• ᴹQ. tyalie “play, game, sport” ✧ Ety/TYAL
• ᴺQ. tyalmë “game”
• ᴺS. tallen “playful, fun(ny)”
• N. telien “sport, play, sport, play, [ᴱN.] game; jest, mockery, *joke; [G.] stunt” ✧ Ety/TYAL

Element in

• ᴹ✶tyalangando “harp-player, harper” ✧ Ety/ÑGAN; Ety/TYAL

salum

noun. *harp

Cognates

• Eq. salma “lyre, small harp” ✧ PE13/104

Derivations

• ᴱ√SALA “*harp(ing), lyre”

Element in

• G. Thlim Salum “*Host of the Harp” ✧ PE13/104

saltha-

verb. play

daı̯al-

verb. play

Derivations

• ᴱ√TYALA “*play”

Derivatives

• G. dairtha- “to play, amuse” ✧ GL/29

kantl

noun. (large) harp

@@@ probably inspired by Finnish “kantele” as suggested by Draug in Discord, 2021-12-30

Changes

• kantil → kantl “small harp” ✧ QL/045

Derivations

• ᴱ√KṆTṆ “make twang; play harp” ✧ QL/045

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ√KᴬNTᴬN > kantl	[kṇtlǝ] > [kṇtl] > [kṇtḷ] > [kṇtḷ] > [kantḷ]	✧ QL/045

Variations

• kantil ✧ QL/045 (kantil)