gwedh

noun. bond

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bond” derived from ON. weda under the root ᴹ√WED “bind” (Ety/WED). It might be an element of the later word danwedh “ransom” in the name Bar-en-Danwedh “House of Ransom” from The Silmarillion (S/203).

gwedh

noun. bond

gwaedh

noun. bond, troth, compact, oath

gwedh-

verb. to bind

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “bind” appearing in its Noldorin-style infinitive form gwedi, with an archaic past form gwend/gwenn and a later past gweðant, all under the root ᴹ√WED “bind” (Ety/WED). Given its root, the expected stem form would be ✱gwedh-, so the form gwedi is probably either archaic or malformed.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume its stem form was gwedh-, and I would modernize its past forms as described in the entry on the Sindarin past tense.

gwedh-

verb. to bind

gwend

noun. bond, friendship

herven

noun. husband

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “husband”, a combination of ᴹ√KHER “govern” and N. benn “man” (which itself archaically meant “husband”), the latter element based on the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES, KHER).

Conceptual Development: In Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s, “husband” was {gwidhion >>} ᴱN. gwedhion, based on the root ᴱ√wed- having to do with marriage (PE13/146). It has a negated form ᴱN. yrwidhion “without husband” (PE13/156). Another precursor was ᴱQ. heruvesto “lord husband” from Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, which was assembled from elements similar to N. hervenn, but in the Qenya branch of the language instead.

Neo-Sindarin: In later writings, Tolkien seems to have revised ᴹ√BES > √BER as the basis for marriage words (VT49/45). However, I prefer to retain the 1930s root ᴹ√BES and would therefore use hervenn for “husband” in Neo-Sindarin, though ᴺS. bethron “spouse (m.)” is an alternative.

herven

noun. husband

hervenn

noun. husband

hervenn

noun. husband

nûd

noun. bond

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√NUT “tie, bind” (Ety/NUT).

gwedh

bind

*gwedh- (i **wêdh, in gwedhir), pa.t. gwedhant, in older language also gwend**. In LR:397 s.v.

gwedh

bind

(i ’wêdh, in gwedhir), pa.t. gwedhant, in older language also gwend. In LR:397 s.v.

gwaedh

bond

1) (a ”bond” of loyalty) gwaedh (i **waedh) (troth, compact, oath), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaedh**), 2) _(apparently referring to physical ”bonds”, cf.

gwaedh

bond

(i ’waedh)  (troth, compact, oath), no distinct pl. form except with article (in gwaedh)

gwêdh

chain

(i ’wêdh, construct gwedh), pl. gwîdh (in gwîdh), 3) (ditto) nûd (construct nud, pl. nuid). 4) (the ”bond” of friendship) gwend (i ’wend, construct gwen) (friendship), pl. gwind (in gwind), coll. pl. gwennath. Note: a homophone means ”maiden”.

gwedhen

adjective. oath-bound, allied

gwedhron

noun. ally, one bound by oath

benn

husband

(i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). Later used = "man" in general.

hervenn

husband

1) hervenn (i chervenn, o chervenn), pl. hervinn (i chervinn); 2) (archaic) benn (i venn, construct ben), pl. binn (i minn). Later used = "man" in general.

hervenn

husband

(i chervenn, o chervenn), pl. hervinn (i chervinn)

nod

bind

nod- (i nôd, i nedir) (tie), pa.t. likely *nunt since the root is __ (LR:378).

nod

bind

(i nôd, i nedir) (tie), pa.t. likely ✱nunt since the root is NUT (LR:378).

lok

root. bend, loop, bend, loop, [ᴱ√] twine, twist, curl; [ᴹ√] great serpent, dragon

A root having to do with bending things, whose most notable derivatives are Q. (h)lócë/S. lhûg “snake, serpent, reptile, worm”. The first appearance of this root was as ᴱ√LOKO “twine, twist, curl” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/55), and in this period it had derivatives like ᴱQ. lóke “snake” and G. ulug “dragon”, but also derivatives like G. log- “curl, bend, wind, twine” and G. lonc “curl” (QL/55; GL/54).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, ᴹ√LOK was glossed “great serpent, dragon”, and all its derivatives were dragon words based on ᴹQ. lóke and N. lhûg (Ety/LOK). In this period the “curl” words might have been allocated to the unglossed root ᴹ√LOKH which had derivatives like N. lhoch “ringlet” as well as ᴹQ. lokse and N. lhaws “hair”, so perhaps meaning “✱curl (of hair)” (Ety/LOKH). In notes from the late 1950s, Tolkien again generalized the meaning of the root √LOK to “bend, loop”, with additional non-serpent derivatives like Q. lokin “bent” and Q. lōke “bight, bend, curl of hair” (PE17/160); thus √LOK may have (re)absorbed the meanings of ᴹ√LOKH.

lub

root. bend

verū

noun. husband

losta-

verb. to bloom, to bloom, *blossom

A verb for “to bloom” appearing in notes from the late 1960s as a derivative of √LOT(H), but in that document it was deleted (PE17/26). However losta- “to bloom” reappeared in notes on The Rivers and Beacon-hills of Gondor from 1967-69 with the same derivation, and in that document it was not deleted (VT42/18).

Conceptual Development: The verb ᴱQ. {lōta- >>} lōto- “to bloom” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√LO’O (QL/55). Some possible inflected forms for this Early Qenya verb appeared (untranslated) in one of the initial versions of the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/57-58).

lunganë

bending

lunganë adj. "bending" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

naxa

noun. bond

bond, fetter

nútë

bond, knot

nútë noun "bond, knot" (NUT)

venno

husband

venno noun "husband" (cited as **verno_ in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry BES, but according to VT45:7, this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript)_. In a later source, the word for "husband" is given as veru, q.v.

verno

husband

**verno noun "husband", misreading for venno, q.v. (BES)

veru

husband

veru (1) noun "husband" (VT49:45). An earlier source gives the word for "husband" as venno.

veru

noun. husband

The most common word for “husband” in Quenya (VT49/45).

Conceptual Development: This word dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s where ᴱQ. veru “husband” appeared as a derivative of the early root ᴱ√VEŘE [VEÐE] (QL/101). In the English-Qenya Dictionary of the 1920s the word for “husband” appeared as ᴱQ. vero, but this form was marked as archaic (†) and became in normal speech the longer word ᴱQ. veruner (PE15/74). In Early Noldorin Word-lists and notes on the Valmaric Script from the 1920s the word was still veru (PE13/146; PE14/112), and in the Declension of Nouns from the early 1930s Tolkien gave ᴹQ. veru “husband” as an example of a ū-declension (PE21/15).

In The Etymologies of the 1930s, however, Tolkien gave a different form ᴹQ. venno for “husband” while ᴹQ. veru was a dual form meaning “husband and wife, married pair”, both derived from the root ᴹ√BES “wed” (Ety/BES). The nn in venno is because it was derived from primitive ᴹ✶besnō and sn > zn > nn in Quenya (PE19/49). In a 1969 note, Tolkien restored Q. veru for “husband”, deriving it instead from a root √BER “to mate, be mated, joined in marriage” (VT49/45).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I prefer to retain the 1930s root ᴹ√BES for marriage words in order to preserve Noldorin/Sindarin forms, but I would still use the well-established veru for “husband”, just conceived of as a derivative of the root √BES, coming from ✱besū with intervocalic s > z > r.

vesta

matrimony

vesta noun "matrimony" (BES, VT49:46)

vérë

bond, troth, compact, oath

vérë (1) noun "bond, troth, compact, oath" (WED)