ahosta

verb. assemble, gather

A verb occurring in the Markirya poem, consists of prefix a- and verb hosta- (gather).

Tolkien noted: "When the bare stem of the verb is used (as after 'see' and 'hear') as infinitive na- [changed to a-] is prefixed if the noun is the object not the subject". In man cenuva lumbor ahosta (changed from na-hosta), "who shall see the clouds gather"

sanganë

gather

sanganë vb.? "gather" (MC:214; this is "Qenya")

comya-

gather, assemble

comya- ("k")vb. "gather, assemble" (transitive)(PE17:158)

ócom-

gather, assemble

#ócom- vb. "gather, assemble" (intransitive)(PE17:157, 158). Cited in the form ócomë "gathers, assembles", evidently an endingless aorist. Perfect ócómië given.

ócom-

verb. to gather, assemble

Cognates

• S. cova- “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158

Derivations

• √KOM “gather, collect” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KOM > okom-	[okom-]	✧ PE17/157
√KOM > ókome	[ōkome]	✧ PE17/158

Variations

• okom- ✧ PE17/157 (okom-)

hosta-

gather, collect, assemble

hosta- vb. "gather, collect, assemble" (Markirya), "gather hastily together, pile up" (PE17:39), hostainiéva "will be gathered", future tense of the stative verb *hostainië*, derived from hostaina "gathered", past participle of hosta- "gather". Such stative verbs are probably not conceptually valid in Tolkien's later Quenya; see -ië**. (FS)

a-

see

a- (2) a prefix occurring in the Markirya poem (Tolkien first used na-, then changed it). It may be prefixed to verbal stems following a noun that is the object of sense-verbs like "see" and "hear" when the verb it is prefixed to describes what happens to this noun, as in man cenuva lumbor ahosta[?] (changed from na-hosta), "who shall see the clouds gather?" (hosta = "gather").

tunta-

see, notice, perceive

tunta- "see, notice, perceive", pa.t. túne (QL:95)

véla

verb. see

véla (2) vb. "see" (Arct); present/continuative tense of a verbal stem #vel-? The context of the sentence where it occurs ("till I see you next") suggests that this is "see" in the sense of "meet".

>> yomenië

cenya

verb. see, perceive

cen-

see, behold

cen- ("k")vb. "see, behold", future tense cenuva ("kenuva") "shall see" in Markirya. Imperative cena ("k"), VT47:31.Also #cen = noun "sight" as the final element of some nouns (*apacen, tercen, q.v.) Compare the root KHEN-, KEN-, KYEN- "look at, see, observe, direct gaze" (VT45:21)

cova-

verb. gather

weak intr. v. gather, assemble, come to same place, meet. mae-govannen 'well met'. This gloss was rejected.

cova-

verb. come together

_ v. _come together, meet. _cova _come together, meet << cova(d) bring.

tíra-

verb. to see

tírad

gerund noun. to see, for the seing

cova-

verb. to come together, meet; to gather, assemble

Cognates

• Q. ócom- “to gather, assemble” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158

Derivations

• √KOM “gather, collect” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158

Element in

• ᴺS. covas “community”
• S. mae govannen “well met” ✧ Let/308; LotR/0209; PE17/158

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KOM > cova-	[koma-] > [kova-]	✧ PE17/157
√KOM > cova	[koma-] > [kova-]	✧ PE17/158

Variations

• cova ✧ PE17/158

gwachaedir

seeing stone

(i ’wachaedir) (palantír), no distinct pl. form. except with article (in gwachaedir); coll. pl. ?gwachaediriath or ?gwachadirnath (the latter assuming that -dir is reduced from older -dirn) The form occurring in the primary source, gwahaedir, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciation with h for ch (PM:186) ****

hosta-

verb. to gather, collect

Cognates

• Q. hosta- “to gather (hastily together), collect, assemble, pile up”

Derivations

• √KHOT “gather, together in confusion, jumble”

cen

verb. see

cen- (i gên, i chenir), also tíra- (i díra, i thírar), the latter rather meaning “watch”. SEEING #cened (i gened) (sight), pl. cenid (i chenid) if there is a pl. Isolated from cenedril, see mirror, SEEING STONE *gwachaedir (*i 'wachaedir) (palantír), no distinct pl. form. except with article (in gwachaedir); coll. pl. ?gwachaediriath or ?gwachadirnath (the latter assuming that -dir is reduced from older -dirn) The form occurring in the primary source, gwahaedir, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciation with h for ch (PM:186)

cen

see

(i** gên, i** chenir), also tíra- (i** díra, i** thírar), the latter rather meaning “watch”.

cened

seeing

(i gened) (sight), pl. cenid (i chenid) if there is a pl. Isolated from cenedril, see MIRROR.

kob

root. gather, collect

kom

root. gather, collect

A root Tolkien invented to explain S. mae govannen “well met”, serving as the basis for the verb S. covad(a)- “bring together, make meet” (PE17/16, 157-158). Tolkien gave this root as both √KOB and √KOM, but some of its Quenya derivatives can only be derived from √KOM: Q. comya- “to collect” and Q. ócom- “to gather, assemble”. For Tolkien’s earlier conceptions on the foundations for mae govannen, see the entry on √BA(N).

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. cómë “[computer] file, *document”
• Q. comya- “to collect” ✧ PE17/158
• Q. conta- “[unglossed]” ✧ PE17/157
• Q. ócom- “to gather, assemble” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158
• Q. (o)combë “gathering, assembly, assemblage, collection, gathering, assembly, assemblage, collection, *congregation” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158
• S. cova- “to come together, meet; to gather, assemble” ✧ PE17/157; PE17/158
• S. covad(a)- “to bring together, make meet” ✧ PE17/016; PE17/158

Variations

• KOB- ✧ PE17/016 (KOB-)
• KOB ✧ PE17/150; PE17/157 (KOB); PE17/158; PE17/158

khot

root. gather, together in confusion, jumble

This root and its variants meant something like “gather” for much of Tolkien’s life. The earliest form of this root was given as ᴱ√HOSO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variant form XOÞ-, the latter more representative of its true form (IPA [xoθ-]) given its Gnomish form hoth (QL/41). This early form was unglossed but had derivatives like ᴱQ. hos (host-) “folk, people, tribe”, G. hoth “folk, people, †army” and G. hosta- “gather, collect” (QL/41; GL/49). This early root was confused with ᴱ√OSO “through loss of ·h· in cpds”, another unglossed root but probably meaning something like “✱enclosure” (QL/41, 71).

The verb form ᴱQ. hosta- “gather” appeared in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s (PE14/33-34), and the root ᴹ√KHOTH “gather” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives similar to its earlier iteration: ᴹQ. hosto “crowd, assembly”, N. hoth “host, crowd” and ᴹQ. hosta- “to collect” (Ety/KHOTH). The root √KHOT “gather, together in confusion, jumble” appeared in etymological notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s where it was the basis for S. hoth “host” and Q. hosta- “gather hastily together, pile up” (PE17/39). The Quenya verb reappeared with the gloss “gather” in the Markirya poem from the late 1960s (MC/222), indicating the continued validity of the root. The various derivatives of the root could be from either √KHOT or √KHOTH, so the actual primitive form is mostly academic.

Derivatives

• ✶khotta “gather hastily together, pile up” ✧ PE17/039
  • Q. hosta- “to gather (hastily together), collect, assemble, pile up” ✧ PE17/039
• ✶khottă ✧ PE17/039
  • S. hoth “host, horde, host, horde, [N.] crowd; group plural; [ᴱN.] folk, [G.] people; †army” ✧ PE17/039
• ᴺQ. hotsë “army, band, troop”
• ᴺS. hosta- “to gather, collect”

Variations

• KHOT ✧ PE17/039; PE17/039; PE17/157

cen-

verb. to see