lament of akallabêth (first draft)

Lament of Akallabêth (first draft)

The first draft of the Lament of Akallabêth (SD/311-2), presented in full here as a specimen of the draft Adûnaic grammar.

khibil

noun. spring

A noun translated “spring” and fully declined as an example of a Strong I noun (SD/430).

ereg

place name. First

Earlier name for the river S. Erui from Lord of the Rings drafts from the 1940s, apparently a Noldorin word meaning ereg “first” (TI/312, WR/436).

edhen

adjective. first

ereg

adjective. first

ar vanwe

proper name. Day of Manwe, first day of the Valian week

The Noldorin name for the 1st day of the Valian 5-day week, a combination of the prefix ar- “day” and the lenited form of Manwe (Ety/AR¹, LEP).

ephriw

noun. December, *First-winter

seth

adjective. first, forth

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

ar-

prefix. day

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

caw

noun. top

caw

noun. top

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “top” derived under the root ᴹ√KAS “head” (Ety/KAS). It is probably derived from primitive ✱kāsa, with long ā becoming au as usual, and intervocalic s becoming h and then vanishing.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies, N. caw replaced a deleted word N. câs “top, summit; beginning” (EtyAC/KAS). Early Noldorin word lists of the 1920s had ᴱN. câ “top” (PE13/121, 140), probably of similar origin.

celw

noun. spring, source

doll

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

dolt

adjective. dark, dusky, obscure

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

dûr

adjective. dark

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

ethuil

noun. spring

min

cardinal. one

minei

adjective. single, distinct, unique

nerwinien

noun. January

penedh

noun. Elf

penn

noun. Elf

penninar

noun. last day of the year

ned

noun. first, *one more; first; *during

This word replaced the preposition uin “of the” in the third version of the King’s Letter, appearing in the phrase nelchaenen ned Echuir “the thirty-first day of Stirring”. Both Carl Hostetter (VT31/30) and David Salo (SG/229) theorized that this replacement has a similar prepositional function, from either √NOT “count” or √NED “middle”. Fiona Jallings suggested it might be a temporal preposition, with sense “during” (FJNS/349).

On VT47/40, note 67, Patrick Wynne suggested that this word might be a cognate of the newly published Quenya word net(ë) “one more”. This theory is supported by the most likely interpretation of nelchaenen. This word seems to mean “thirtieth” rather than “thirty-first”, and Patrick Wynne suggested that nelchaenen ned means “thirtieth and one more” = “thirty-first”. I find this theory the most compelling, and use it here.

mein

ordinal. first

minui

ordinal. first

minui

ordinal. first

erui

adjective. first (incorrect use by the Gondorians)

The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

a pherhael ar am meril suilad uin aran o minas tirith nelchaenen ned echuir

to Samwise and Rose the King’s greeting from Minas Tirith, the thirty-first day of Stirring

main

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

mein

ordinal. first, (only in the sense of) prime, chief, pre-eminent

min

fraction. one (first of a series)

minlamad

noun. 'first voiced' or 'first-echoing', alliterative (?) verse mode (minlamad thent/estent)

The word is not translated by Tolkien. For a discussion of its probable meaning, refer to Tolkien's Legendarium p. 121-122

minlamad

noun. ?alliteration, (lit.) first-echoing

mîn

fraction. one (first of a series)

orgilion

noun. first day of the week, day of the Stars

erui

first

(single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

minui

first

1. minui (lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form), 2) mîn (lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”; 3) erui (single, alone). No distinct pl. form. Some would argue that Tolkien abandoned erui as a word for ”first”.

minui

first

(lenited vinui; no distinct pl. form)

mîn

first

(lenited vîn; no distinct pl. form) (isolated, towering). Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the number ”one”

iestor

noun. first day of the new year

miniel

first elf

(one of the tribe of the Vanyar) Miniel (i Viniel), pl. Mínil (i **Mínil), coll. pl. Miniellath**. (WJ:383)

miniel

first elf

(= Vanya) Miniel (i Viniel), pl. Mínil (i Mínil), coll. pl. Miniellath. (WJ:383)

miniel

first elf

(i Viniel), pl. Mínil (i Mínil), coll. pl. Miniellath. (WJ:383)

calan

noun. day, period of actual daylight

Attested in the first edition of LotR, but omitted from the second.

erui

adjective. single, alone

The proper word for first in Sindarin was minui

erui

single

erui (first, alone). No distinct pl. form. 3) minai (distinct, unique), lenited vinai; pl. mini

erui

single

(first, alone). No distinct pl. form. 3) minai (distinct, unique), lenited vinai; pl. mini**

min

cardinal. one

1. (number ”one” as the first in a series) min, mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”. 2) (number) êr, whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone); 3)

min

one

mîn (VT48:6), Note: homophones include the noun ”peak” and the adjective ”isolated, first, towering”.

min

cardinal. one, one, [G.] single

aur

noun. day, sunlight, morning

celu

noun. spring, source

dúath

adjective. dark

_ adj. _dark, black shadow.

dûr

adjective. dark, sombre

dûr

dark

_ adj. _dark, gloomy, 'hellish'.

edhel

noun. Elf

eithel

noun. issue of water, spring, well

eledh

noun. Elf

elen

noun. Elf

ell

noun. Elf

er

adjective. single

ethuil

noun. spring, spring [the season]

girithron

noun. december (month)

gwirith

noun. april (month)

ivanneth

noun. september (month)

lebdas

noun. index finger

A name for the index finger in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, a combination of ✶lepe “finger” and √TAS “point out”; shorter tas was also used for “index finger (lit. ✱pointer)” (VT48/5).

minai

adjective. single, distinct, unique

oraearon

noun. seventh day of the Númenórean week, Sea-day

oranor

noun. second day of the week, day of the Sun

orbelain

noun. sixth day of the week, day of the Powers or Valar

orgaladh

noun. fourth day of the Númenórean week, day of the White Tree

This day was formerly called orgaladhad in the Elvish calendar

orgaladhad

noun. fourth day of the Elvish week, day of the Two Trees

This day was renamed orgaladh in the Númenórean calendar

orithil

noun. third day of the week, day of the Moon

ormenel

noun. fifth day of the week, Heavens' day

pen

pronoun. one, somebody, anybody

Usually enclitic and mutated as ben.2

penedh

noun. Elf

penninor

noun. last day of the year

tas

noun. index finger

tuil

noun. spring

aur

day

aur (morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

aur

day

(morning), pl. oer. As prefix or- in names of weekdays.

avar

non-eldarin elf

pl. Evair, also called

calan

daytime

(i galan, o chalan), pl. celain (i chelain)

calben

elf of the great journey

(i galben, o chalben), pl. celbin (i chelbin).

caw

top

caw (i gaw, o chaw), pl. coe (i choe)

caw

top

(i gaw, o chaw), pl. coe (i choe)

celos

water falling swiftly from a spring

(i gelos, o chelos) (freshet), pl. celys (i chelys).

celu

spring

(of water) 1) celu (i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath. 2) (well) eithel (source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

celu

spring

(i gelu, o chelu) (source), analogical pl. cely (i chely). Archaic celw; so the coll. pl. is likely celwath.

doll

dark

doll (dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.

doll

dark

(dusky, misty, obscure), lenited noll, pl. dyll. Note: In ”Noldorin”, this word appeared as dolt as well as doll, but the latter seems the best form in S.

dúath

dark shadow

(i dhúath) (nightshade), pl. dúaith (i núaith);

dúnedhel

elf of beleriand

(i Núnedhel), pl. *Dúnedhil*** (i Ndúnedhil*). (WJ:378, 386)*

dûr

dark

dûr (sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir

dûr

dark

(sombre), lenited dhûr, pl. duir

echuir

stirring, season of

. No distinct pl. form.

edhel

elf

(pl. edhil). Coll. pl. Edhelrim (or Edhellim) (UT:318). Also †eledh, pl. elidh, coll. pl. eledhrim (Letters:281), also elen, pl. elin, also with coll. pl. eledhrim (elen + rim with the regular change nr > dhr). (WJ:363, 377-78; the shorter coll. pl. Eldrim > *Elrim*** may also occur). But since elin** also means "stars", other terms for "Elf" may be preferred.

edhelharn

elf-stone

(pl. edhelhern) (SD:128-31).

edinor

anniversary day

(pl. edinoer). Archaic edinaur. In ”Noldorin”, the word appeared as edinar.

eithel

spring

(source, issue of water), pl. eithil.

elleth

elf-woman

(pl. ellith) (WJ:363-64, 377)

ellon

elf-man

(pl. ellyn)

elvellon

elf-friend

(pl. elvellyn, coll. pl. elvellonnath (WJ:412);

er

single

1. er (pl. ir) (VT48:6), 2)

er

single

(pl. ir) (VT48:6)

eru

the one

isolated from

ethuil

spring

(season) ethuil (no distinct pl. form). SPRING-SINGER, see SWALLOW

ethuil

spring

(no distinct pl. form).

girithron

december

Girithron (na **Irithron**)

girithron

december

(na ’Irithron)

graurim

dark people

(VT45:16);

graw

dark

graw (swart), lenited raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)

graw

dark

(swart), lenited ’raw, pl. groe. (VT45:16)

guldur

dark sorcery

(i nguldur = i ñuldur), pl. gyldyr (in gyldyr = i ñgyldyr)

gwanwel

elf of aman

(”departed” Elf), pl. gwenwil (in gwenwil), coll. pl. gwanwellath. (WJ:378) Also gwanwen; see

gwirith

april

Gwirith (na **Wirith**)

gwirith

april

(na ’Wirith)

hithui

november

Hithui

hithui

november

ivanneth

september

Ivanneth

ivanneth

september

laegel

green-elf

pl. laegil; coll. pl. laegrim or laegeldrim (WJ:385). These forms from a late source would seem to supersede the ”N” forms listed in LR:368 s.v. LÁYAK: *Lhoebenidh* or *Lhoebelidh*. The Green-elves of Beleriand were also called Lindel (pl. Lindil), also Lindedhel (pl. Lindedhil)  *(WJ:385)*.

lebdas

index finger

lebdas, pl. lebdais, coll. pl. lebdassath (VT48:5). In childrens play also called emig ”little mother” (VT48:6, 17). Nobad, the dual form of naub ”thumb”, is used of the thumb and the index grouped together in the act of picking something (VT48:5, 6)

lefn

elf left behind

pl. lifn.

morn

dark

morn (black), pl. myrn, lenited vorn. Note: the latter word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386)

morn

dark

(black), pl. myrn, lenited vorn. Note: the latter word is also used as a noun ”darkness, night”. (Letters:386)

mornedhel

dark elf

(i Vornedhel), pl. Mornedhil (i Mornedhil). Conceivably the entire word could be umlauted in the pl.: ?Mernedhil. **(WJ:409) Another term for ”Dark Elf” is Dúredhel (i Dhúredhel), pl. Dúredhil (i Núredhil**).

môr

dark

môr (black), lenited vôr, pl. mŷr (Letters:382), also

môr

dark

(black), lenited vôr, pl. m**ŷr* (Letters:382)*, also

narwain

january

Narwain

narwain

january

nínui

february

Nínui

nínui

february

nórui

june

Nórui

nórui

june

pen

cardinal. one

(indefinite pronoun) (= somebody, anybody) pen (WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lords Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean *”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of *ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

pen

one

(WJ:376); lenited ben. According to one interpretation of the phrase caro den i innas lín from the Sindarin Lord’s Prayer (VT44:23), this could mean ✱”let one do your will”, with den (perhaps a lenited form of ✱ten) as the indefinite pronoun ”one”. However, others interpret den as the accusative form of the pronoun ”it”: ”Do it [, that is:] your will”.

peredhel

half-elf

(pl. peredhil) (PM:256, 348).

send

grey-elf

(i hend, o send, construct sen) (probably a term only used by the Noldor, borrowed from Quenya Sinda), pl. sind (i sind), coll. pl. Sendrim (the only attested form).

tuia

spring

(verb) tuia- (i duia, i thuiar) (swell, sprout)

tuia

spring

(i duia, i thuiar) (swell, sprout)

êr

one

whence the adjectival prefix er- (alone, lone)

enna

first

[enna adj. "first" (VT45:12)]

esta

first

esta (2) adj. "first" (ESE/ESET); this entry was marked with a query. The word Yestarë (q.v.) "Beginning-day" in LotR suggests that Tolkien decided to change the stem in question to _YESE/YESET_. We could then read *yesta for esta (but later this became a noun "beginning" rather than an adj. "first", PE17:120) and also prefix a y to the other words derived from ESE/ESET (essë* > yessë, essëa > yessëa). Estanossë noun "the firstborn", read likewise Yestanossë** (*Yestanessi?) but in a later text, Tolkien used Minnónar (q.v.) for "the Firstborn" as a name of the Elves, and this form may be preferred. _(In the Etymologies as printed in LR, the word _Estanossë is cited as "Estanesse", but according to VT45:12, the second-to-last vowel is actually o in Tolkien's manuscript.)

inga

first

inga (2) adj. "first" (ING)

minya

first

minya adj. "first" (MINI) (cf. Minyatur, Minyon); "eminent, prominent" (VT42:24, 25). Minyar "Firsts", the original name of the Vanyar (or rather the direct Quenya descendant of the original Primitive Quendian name) (WJ:380)

setta

first

[setta, setya adj. "first" (possibly also "primary", but Tolkien's gloss was not certainly legible) (VT46:13)]

minalcar

masculine name. ?First Glory

Given name of the 19th king of Gondor, later called Rómendacil II (LotR/1038). His name might be a compound minya “first” and alcar “glory”.

minnónar

collective name. First-born

A name for the Elves as the first-born children of Ilúvatar, in contrast to Apanónar “After-born” as a name for Men (WJ/403). It is a compound of minya “first” and the plural form of the adjective nóna “born”.

Conceptual Development: The similar but rejected terms ᴹQ. Estanosse “Firstborn” and ᴹQ. Esselda “✱First-elves” appear in The Etymologies (Ety/ESE, EtyAC/ESE).

minohtar

masculine name. *First Warrior

Commander of the Gondorian forces against the Wainriders after the fall of king Ondoher (UT/292-4). His name seems to be a compound of minya “first” and ohtar “warrior”.

minyatur

masculine name. First-ruler

Tar-Minyatur was the title assumed by Elros as the first ruler of Númenor (LotR/1035, UT/218), translated “First-ruler” (PM/384). This name is a compound of minya “first” and -tur “ruler” (SA/minya, tur).

minyon

masculine name. First-begotten

A name for Fëanor as the first-born of Finwë (MR/87). This name seem to be a compound of minya “first” and some form of the root √NŌ/ONO “beget; be born”.

yestarë

proper name. first day of the year

The first day of the year in the calendar of Imladris, the Númenórean calendar and the Steward’s Reckoning (LotR/1108-9), a compound of yesta “beginning” and ré “day”.

Conceptual Development: In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the first day of the year was ᴹQ. Minyen (Ety/YEN), a combination of the root ᴹ√MIN, which had derivatives like ᴹQ. minya “first”, and ᴹQ. yén “year”. In drafts of the Lord of the Rings appendices from the 1940s, the first day of the year was initially given as ᴹQ. Vinyarië “Newyear’s Day” (PM/127), where its first element was ᴹQ. vinya “young, new”. Later in the drafts it was given as ᴹQ. Entare “Year’s beginning” (PM/134).

Esselda

first-elf

[Esselda], noun?adj.?, deleted form which Tolkien never clearly glossed: *"first-elf"? Or an old comparative (in -lda) denoting something like "elder"? The word occurs in a context where Tolkien is considering terms for the Elves as the "Firstborn", aka "Elder Kindred" (VT45:12, cf. ESE-, ESET-)

Minalcar

first-glory

Minalcar masc. name, noun *"First-glory"??? (Appendix A)

Mindi

first-clan

[Mindi noun "First-clan" (PE17:155)]

Minnónar

first-born

Minnónar pl. noun "First-born", Elves (as contrasted to Apanónar, the After-born, Men). Sg. #Minnóna (WJ:403)

Minyarussa

first-russa

Minyarussa noun "First-russa", masc. name (VT41:10)

Minyatur

first-ruler

Minyatur noun "First-ruler"; Tar-Minyatur "High First-ruler", title of Elros as the first King of Númenor (SA:minas, PM:348, SA:tur)

Minyon

first-begotten

Minyon noun "First-begotten", attested as a personal (masc.) name (MR:87). Apparently this is minya "first" + the stem ON = beget.

lepetas

first or index finger

lepetas noun "first or index finger" (VT47:10, VT48:5, 14). Stem lepetass- (pl. lepetassi, VT47:11) Also tassa.

minyarussa

masculine name. First-russa

A nickname given to S. Amrod to distinguish him from his twin brother Amras, since they were both known by the name Ambarussa “Top-russet” for their red hair (VT41/10). It is a compound of minya “first” and russa “red-haired”.

min

cardinal. one, one, [ᴱQ.] one (in a series), the first

minya

first; eminent, prominent

oromë valaron minya omennë ye eldar

Orome first of (the) Valar met the Elves

Narvinyë

january

Narvinyë noun first month of the year, "January". The word seems to mean "New Fire/Sun". (Appendix D)

coirë

stirring

coirë noun "stirring", in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days (Appendix D), but translated "the first day of Spring" in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA:cuivië). Early "Qenya" has coirë ("k")"life" (LT1:257; in Tolkien's later Quenya, the word for "life" is cuilë or coivië; however, cf. the adj. coirëa from a late source).

lepetas

noun. index finger

A word for the “index finger” in notes on Eldarin Hands, Fingers and Numerals from 1968, a combination of ✶lepe “finger” and √TAS “point” (VT47/10-11; VT48/5). The short form Q. tassa (perhaps originally “pointer”?) was also used for the “index finger” (VT48/5).

Conceptual Development: In drafts of these notes, the word first appeared as Q. tastil where the second element was Q. -til “point” (VT47/26), but this was soon revised to leptas (VT47/27).

morna

dark, black

morna adj. "dark, black" (Letters:282, LT1:261; also used of black hair, PE17:154), or "gloomy, sombre" (MOR). Used as noun in the phrase mi…morna of someone clad "in…black" (PE17:71). In tumbalemorna (Letters:282), q.v. Pl. mornë in Markirya**(the first version of this poem had "green rocks", MC:215, changed to ondolisse mornë** "upon dark rocks" in the final version; see MC:220, note 8).

urulócë

fire-dragon

urulócë ("k") noun "fire-dragon" (LOK), pl. Urulóci ("k")(SA:ur-). In the Silmarillion, the word Urulóci is both singular (as when Glaurung is called "the first of the Urulóki", Silm:138) and plural (as when Glaurung is called "the Urulóki", Silm:255).

ingëa

adjective. top

A neologism for “top” as an adjective coined by Luinyelle and Arael on 2022-05-23 in the Vinyë Lambengolmor Discord Server (VLDS) as an adjectival form of Q. inga “top”.

Ae

day

Ae (Quenya?) noun "day" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK - ae was written over ar [# 2] in the names of the Valinorean week, but ar was not struck out.)

Amillion

february

Amillion noun "February" (LT1:249; LotR-style Quenya has Nénimë)

Ar Manwen

day of manwe

Ar Manwen noun *"Day of Manwe" (LEP/LEPEN/LEPEK; this is "Qenya" with genitive in -n.) Also Arë Manwen (VT45:27).

Hísimë

november

Hísimë (þ) noun, eleventh month of the year, "November" (Appendix D, SA:hîth). The Quenya word seems to mean "Misty One".

Nárië

june

Nárië noun sixth month of the year, "June" (Appendix D); derived from the stem (a)nar- having to do with fire or sun.

Nénimë

february

Nénimë noun second month of the year, "February" (Appendix D)

Ringarë

december

Ringarë noun, the twelfth and last month of the year, "December" (Appendix D, SA:ring); the word seems to mean *"Cold-day".

Víressë

april

Víressë noun, fourth month of the year, "April" (Appendix D). The Quenya name is apparently related to words for youth and freshness; compare vírië, virya.

Yavannië

september

Yavannië noun, name of the ninth month of the year, "September" (Appendix D, SA:yávë)

a

cardinal. one

ala

day

[ala (7) noun "day", also alan "daytime". The forms allen, alanen listed after these words could be inflected forms of them, genitive "of daytime", constracted (allen = al'nen) and uncontracted. However, Tolkien struck out all of this (VT45:13).]

ar

day

ar (2) noun "day" (PE17:148), apparently short for árë, occurring in the names of the Valinorean week listed below. Tolkien indicated that ar in these names could also be arë when the following element begins in a consonant (VT45:27). Usually the word for "day" in LotR-style Quenya is rather aurë (or ré), q.v.

avestalis

january

avestalis noun "January" (LT1:252; LotR-style Quenya has Narvinyë)

er

one, alone

er cardinal "one, alone" (ERE, VT48:6, VT49:54), in an early source also adv. "only, but, still" (LT1:269); Eru er "one God" (VT44:17; er was here emended by Tolkien from erëa, which seems to be an adjectival form *"one, single".)

erinqua

single, alone

erinqua adj. "single, alone" (VT42:10)

erya

single, sole

erya adj. "single, sole" (ERE)

erëa

cardinal. one

erëa adj.? "one" or *"single", apparently an adjectival form (see er) (VT44:17)

hróva

dark, dark brown

hróva adj. "dark, dark brown", used to refer to hair (PE17:154)

inga

top, highest point

inga (1) noun "top, highest point" (PM:340), "only applied to shapes pointing upwards...[it] referred primarily to position and could be used of tops relatively broad". Compounded in the nouns aldinga "tree-top" (alda + inga) (VT47:28), ingaran "high-king" (PM:340)

lóna

dark

?lóna (4) adj. "dark" (DO3/DŌ). If this is to be the cognate of "Noldorin"/Sindarin dûr, as the context seems to indicate, lóna is likely a misreading for *lóra in Tolkien's manuscript.

lúna

dark

lúna adj. *"dark" in Lúnaturco and Taras Lúna, Quenya names of Barad-dûr (Dark Tower). (PE17:22). In the Etymologies, lúnë "blue" was changed by Tolkien from lúna (VT45:29).

lúrëa

dark, overcast

lúrëa adj. "dark, overcast" (LT1:259)

min

cardinal. one

min numeral "one", also minë (VT45:34, VT48:6)

minë

cardinal. one

minë numeral "one", also min (MINI, VT45:34)

mir

cardinal. one

mir (2) cardinal "one" (LT1:260; in LotR-style Quenya rather minë)

mo

one, someone, anyone

mo, indefinite pronoun "one, someone, anyone" (VT42:34, VT49:19, 20, 26)

mori-

dark, black

mori- "dark, black" in a number of compounds (independent form morë, q.v.):Morimando "Dark Mando" = Mandos (MBAD, VT45:33), morimaitë "black-handed" (LotR3:VI ch. 6, VT49:42). Moriquendi "Dark Elves" (SA:mor, WJ:361, 373), Moringotto "Black Foe", Sindarin Morgoth, later name of Melkor. The oldest form is said to have been Moriñgotho (MR:194). In late material, Tolkien is seen to consider both Moringotto and Moricotto _("k") _as the Quenya form of the name Morgoth (VT49:24-25; Moricotto also appears in the ablative, Moricottollo). Morion "the dark one", a title of Morgoth (FS). Morifinwë "dark Finwë", masc. name; he was called Caranthir in Sindarin (short Quenya name Moryo). (PM:353) In the name Morinehtar, translated "Darkness-slayer", the initial element is defined would thus seem to signify "darkness" rather than "dark" as an adjective (see mórë). (PM:384, 385)

morĭ

adjective. dark

PQ. dark

móri

dark

móri adj. "dark" (MC:221; this is "Qenya"; in Tolkien's later Quenya mórë, morë)

netë

one more, another

netë *"one more, another", used in enumerating a series: e.g. 1, 2, (3), netë, netë, netë...with netë used instead of citing the actual numbers. (VT47:15, VT48:14-15, 31)

nulla

dark, dusky, obscure

nulla adj. "dark, dusky, obscure" (NDUL), "secret" (DUL). See also VT45:11.

núla

dark, occult, mysterious

núla ("ñ")adj. "dark, occult, mysterious" (PE17:125)

quén

one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman

quén (quen-, as in pl. queni; as final element in compounds -quen) noun "one, (some)body, person, individual, man or woman", pl. queni = "persons", "(some) people", "they" with the most general meaning (as in "they [= people in general] say that..."). The element is combined with noun and adjective stems in old compounds to denote habitual occupations or functions, or to describe those having some notable (permanent) quality; examples include roquen, ciryaquen, arquen, q.v. Also in aiquen "whoever", ilquen "everybody" (WJ:361 cf. 360, 372).

rea

adjective. single

ré

day

ré noun "day" (of the sun), a full 24-hour cycle (Appendix D) composed of aurë (day, daylight) and lómë "night" (VT49:45). Short -rë in compounds like Ringarë (q.v.). Allative rénna (VT49:45).

rëa

adjective. single

tassa

index finger

tassa noun "index finger"; also lepetas (VT48:5, 14)

tassa

noun. index finger

tastil

index finger

[tastil noun "index finger" (VT47:26)]

tuilë

spring, spring-time

tuilë noun "spring, spring-time", also used = "dayspring, early morn" (VT39:7, TUY), in the calendar of Imladris a precisely defined period of 54 days, but also used without any exact definition. Cf. tuilérë, q.v. (Appendix D) - In early "Qenya", the word tuilë is glossed "Spring", but it is said that it literally refers to a "budding", also used collectively for "buds, new shoots, fresh green" (LT1:269). Cf. tuima in Tolkien's later Quenya.

tuilë

noun. spring, spring, [ᴹQ.] spring-time, [ᴱQ.] (lit.) a budding; buds, new shoots, fresh green

ulca

adjective. dark

dark, gloomy, sinister

árë

day

árë noun "day" (PM:127) or "sunlight" (SA:arien). Stem ári- _(PE17:126, where the word is further defined as "warmth, especially of the sun, sunlight"). Also name of tengwa #31; cf. also ar # 2. Originally pronounced ázë; when /z/ merged with /r/, the letter became superfluous and was given the new value ss, hence it was re-named essë (Appendix E)_. Also árë nuquerna *"árë reversed", name of tengwa #32, similar to normal árë but turned upside down (Appendix E). See also ilyázëa, ilyárëa under ilya. In the Etymologies, this word has a short initial vowel: arë pl. ari (AR1)

minya

ordinal. first

min

cardinal. one

ella

noun/adjective. Elf

ello

noun. Elf

er

cardinal. one

tassa

noun. index finger

minya

ordinal. first

min

cardinal. one

dom

root. dark, dark, [ᴹ√] faint, dim

This root was the basis for the main Elvish words for “dusk, night”, which was established as Q. lómë in Quenya for most of Tolkien’s life. The earliest form of this root was ᴱ√LOMO in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but with various derivatives having to do with “dusk” and “shadow” (QL/55). One notable derivative was ᴱQ. lóme “dusk, gloom, darkness”, which survived in Tolkien’s later writings as “night” and in the 1910s was the basis for ᴱQ. Hisilóme/G. Hithlum “Shadowy Twilights”. Another notable derivative was G. lómin “shady, shadowy, gloomy; gloom(iness)” (GL/45) used in the name G. Dor Lómin, which in the 1910s was translated as “Land of Shadow” (LT1/112).

The “shadow” meaning of this early root seems to have transferred to ᴹ√LUM from The Etymologies of the 1930s, which served as the new basis for N. Hithlum (Ety/LUM), as opposed contemporaneous N. Dor-lómen which was redefined as “Land of Echoes (< ᴹ√LAM via Ilkorin or in later writings, via North Sindarin). The “dusk” sense was transferred to a new root ᴹ√DOM “faint, dim”, which (along with ᴹ√DOƷ) was the basis for the pair words ᴹQ. lóme/N. dû “night” (Ety/DOMO).

These two words for “night” survived in Tolkien’s later writing in both Quenya and Sindarin (Let/308; SA/dú). In notes from the 1940s Tolkien clarified that it “has no evil connotations; it is a word of peace and beauty and has none of the associations of fear or groping that, say, ‘dark’ has for us” (SD/306). The Elves were quite comfortable being under the night sky, dating back to the time when the Elves lived under the stars before the rising of the Sun and the Moon. The root √DOM reappeared in etymologies for star-words from the late 1950s or early 1960s (PE17/152). It appeared again in some very late notes from 1969 where it was glossed “dark” and served as the basis for words meaning “blind” as well as “night”, though this paragraph was rejected (PE22/153, note #50).

imin

masculine name. One

mornā

adjective. dark

du Reconstructed

root. dark

twílë

noun. spring

ash

cardinal. one

búrz

adjective. dark

ash

cardinal. one

búrz

adjective. dark