etsë

outside, exterior

etsë noun "outside, exterior", glosses changed from ?"issuing" and ?"spring" (VT45:13)

ettë

outside

ettë noun(and/or adv.?) "outside" (ET)

cendë

point

cendë noun "point" (PE16:96)

cendë

noun. point

Element in

• Q. pirucendëa “on the point of her toes” ✧ PE16/096

Variations

• cende ✧ PE16/096

mentë

point, end

mentë noun "point, end" (MET)

ar-

outside

ar- (1) prefix "outside" (AR2), element meaning "beside" (VT42:17), "by" (PE17:169; in the same source the glosses "near, by, beside" were rejected). Cf. ara.

ava

outside, beyond

ava (1) adv.? noun? prep.? "outside, beyond" (AWA, VT45:6)

ara

outside, beside, besides

ara prep.(and adv.?) "outside, beside, besides" (AR2, VT49:57). According to VT45:6, the original glosses were "without, outside, beside", but Tolkien emended this. Arsë "he is out", VT49:23, 35, 36. As for ar(a), see ar #1. VT49:25 lists what seems to be ar(a) combined with various pronominal suffixes: Singular anni > arni "beside me", astyë "beside you" (informal), allë "besides you" (formal), arsë "beside him/her", plural anwë > armë "beside us" (exclusive), arwë "beside us" (inclusive), astë > ardë "beside you" (plural), astë > artë "beside them"; dual anwet > armet "beside us (two)". (Here Tolkien presupposes that ara represents original ada-.) The same source lists the unglossed forms ari, arin that may combine the preposition with the article, hence "beside the" (VT49:24-25)

haiya

far

haiya adj. "far" (SD:247). Also háya.

tilma

noun. point

vahaia

adverb. far away

vaháya

far away

vaháya adj. "far away" (LR:47, SD:310). Also spelt vahaiya (SD:247)

aeg

noun. point

The adjective oeg "sharp, pointed, piercing" from Ety/349 is perhaps rejected: Tolkien later decided that no cognate of Quenya aica "fell, terrible, dire" was used in Sindarin, "though aeg would have been its form if it had occurred" (PM/347). On the other hand, we have words such as aeglos and aeglir , so there must be a noun aeg "point"

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

haeron

adjective. far, remote, distant

-il

point

suff. point, ending. >> niphredil, til

naith

point

(spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form.

nass

point

(sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais.

nasta

point

(verb) nasta- (i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

nasta

point

(i nasta, in nastar) (prick, stick, thrust)

til

point

n. point, ending. >> -il, niphredil

till

point

till (i dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

till

point

(i** dill, o thill, construct til; also -dil, -thil at the end of compounds) (spike, tine, sharp horn, sharp-pointed peak), no distinct pl. form except with article (i** thill). Archaic †tild. 5)

aeg

point

1) aeg (peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing". 2) naith (spearhead, gore, wedge, promontory); no distinct pl. form. 3) nass (sharp end, angle, corner), construct nas, pl. nais. 4)

aeg

point

(peak, thorn). No distinct pl. form. Note: aeg is also used as adj. "sharp, pointed, piercing".

eth

adverb/adjective. outside

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ette “outside”

Derivations

• √ET “out, forth”

haer

far

(adj.) *haer (remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. (Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira_.) _Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

haer

far

(remote, distant), lenited chaer; no distinct pl. form. *(Tentative correction of ”haen” in VT45:20; compare Quenya haira.) *Also hae (remote, distant, on the other side, further); lenited chae; no distinct pl. form.

ment

point

(at the end of a thing) ment (i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath.

ment

point

(i vent), pl. mint (i mint), coll. pl. mennath**. **

thela

spear point

(-thel), pl. ?thili, 3) aith; no distinct pl. form.

ecthel

spear point

(pl. ecthil), literally "thorn point”

ar

outside

(adv. prefix) ar- (without)the literal meaning of a word translated SPY (q.v.)

ar

outside

(without)

gwachae

far away

(adj.) *gwachae (remote), lenited wachae, no distinct pl. form. The form occurring in the primary source, #gwahae, must represent the late Gondorian pronunciantion with h for ch (PM:186, isolated from gwahaedir).

gwachae

adjective. far away

Elements

Word	Gloss
gwa-	“*away”
hae	“far, very far away, far, (very) far away”

rafn

extended point at the side

(wing, horn), pl. raifn (idh raifn).

snǣs

noun. spear-head, point, gore, triangle

Original form not entirely clear; the stem is SNAS/SNAT (LR:387), not defined but evidently to be understood as a strengthened form of NAS "point, sharp end" (LR:374). A primitive plural form natsai is mentioned under SNAS/SNAT; snǣs may derive from something like snatsâ via snats, *snas. The shift of original a to long ǣ (presumably the same vowel as in English cat, but longer) is found in this word only, but there are several examples of e from a, see spenna, scella. Perhaps a became ǣ in stressed monosyllables where there was no following consonant cluster (as in nand).

êphal

adjective. far

An adjective (or adverb?) translated as “far” (SD/247, SD/312).

Element in

• Ad. êphalak “far away” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. êphal êphalak îdô hi-Akallabêth “far far away now (is) She-that-hath-fallen” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. ēphal ēphalek īdōn athanātē “far far away is now the Land of Gift” ✧ SD/312

Variations

• Ēphal ✧ SD/247
• ēphal ✧ SD/312

êphalak

adjective. far away

A combination of êphal “far” and the suffix -ak (SD/247, 312), which could either mean “away” or be some kind of intensifier. See the entry for -ak for further discussion.

Element in

• Ad. êphalak îdô Yôzâyan “far away now (is) the Land of Gift” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. ēphalek īdōn akallabēth “far away lo!now is She-that-is-fallen” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. êphal êphalak îdô hi-Akallabêth “far far away now (is) She-that-hath-fallen” ✧ SD/247
• Ad. ēphal ēphalek īdōn athanātē “far far away is now the Land of Gift” ✧ SD/312

Elements

Word	Gloss
êphal	“far”
-ak	“away”

Variations

• ēphalak ✧ SD/247
• ēphalek ✧ SD/312; SD/312

khā

adverb. far

egnas

noun. sharp point

egnas

noun. peak

egthel

noun. point (of spear)

hae

adjective. far, remote, distant

ment

noun. point

ment

noun. point

Cognates

• ᴹQ. mente “point, end, point, end; [ᴱQ.] peak, tip” ✧ Ety/MET

Derivations

• ᴹ√MET “end” ✧ Ety/MET

Element in

• N. Mornvenniath “Black Mountains”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MET > ment	[mente] > [mentʰe] > [menθe] > [menθ] > [ment]	✧ Ety/MET

thela

noun. point (of spear)

ecthel

noun. point (of spear)

nass

noun. angle or corner

nass

noun. point, (sharp) end