lunga

heavy

lunga adj. "heavy" (LUG1). Curiously, the variant lungu- appears in certain compounds; see Lungumá, lungumaitë.

lungo

adjective. heavy

Quenya adjective meaning “heavy” attested only as lungu- in the compounds Lungumá “Heavyhand” and lungumaitë “heavy-handed” (VT47/19, PE17/162). Given its stem form, it probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, which would be ✱lungo in Quenya since [[p|short final [i], [u] became [e], [o]]] in Primitive Elvish. This is consistent with its Sindarin cognate S. lung.

In one place, an earlier form of this word ᴹQ. lunga was glossed “fraught” in the phrase “fraught with sorrow” (PE22/124), as in “heavy with sorrow”. This indicates this word could be used in the metaphorical sense of “heavy” as well as its physical sense.

Conceptual Development: In the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was ᴱQ. talka “heavy” from the root ᴱ√TALA “support” (QL/88). In the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary from the 1920s, Tolkien introduced the form ᴱQ. lungo “heavy” (PE13/163), but towards the end of that decade he used ᴱQ. lunga in notes associated with the Oilima Markirya poem (PE16/75).

ᴹQ. lunga reappeared in The Etymologies from the 1930s, this time as a derivative of ᴹ✶lungā, consistent with the a-affection in its Noldorin cognate lhong (Ety/LUG¹). At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict with that name.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Quenya: Some Neo-Quenya writers (including myself at various points) prefer the earlier adjective for “heavy”: ᴹQ. lunga (Ety/LUG¹), since (a) it is directly attested and (b) has an obvious plural form lungë. Unfortunately, this earlier adjective is not compatible with S. lung. As such, I currently prefer Q. lungo, and would assume it has a plural form ✱lungwi similar to nouns like ᴹQ. ango (angu-), pl. angwi (Ety/ANGWA).

Cognates

• S. lung “heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious”

Derivations

• ✶lungu “heavy”
  • ᴹ√LUG “be heavy”

Element in

• ᴺQ. alalunga “light, unheavy”
• ᴺQ. lungië “heaviness, gravity”
• Q. Lungumá “Heavyhand” ✧ VT47/19
• Q. lungumaitë “heavy-handed”
• ᴺQ. lungumë “weight, heaviness”
• ᴺQ. lunguntë “scales”

Variations

• lungu ✧ VT47/19 (lungu)

tecco

noun. stroke, accent

váva

blow

váva vb.? "blow" (the wording used in the source is unclear, but wā-ya is said to mean "blow", and after discussing Sindarin forms Tolkien instructs himself to "alter Quenya", introducing a new primitive form ¤wā-wā with váva- as the Quenya outcome. Possibly this still means "blow" as a verb referring to wind.) PE17:34

vangwë

blow

vangwë noun "blow" (PE17:34), i.e. a blast of wind

wáya-

blow

wáya- "blow" (PE17:34, cf. wanwa), perhaps altered to váva (q.v.; the wording of the source is unclear)

dram

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

long

adjective. heavy

lung

adjective. heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious

Sindarin adjective meaning “heavy” attested only in the name Mablung “Heavy Hand” (S/185). Given this name’s Quenya cognate Q. Lungumá (VT47/19), S. lung probably developed from primitive ✱✶lungŭ, where the [[s|[u] was prevented from become [o] by the presence of the nasal [ŋ]]].

The Gnomish glosses for this word from the 1910s included the more metaphorical senses of “grave, serious” (GL/55). It’s possible the Sindarin word could be used in this way as well.

Conceptual Development: In the Gnomish Lexicon from the 1910s, the word for “heavy” was also G. lung (GL/55), an element in the name G. Mablung as well (LT2A/Mablung). Its primitive form was not given, but judging by the related word G. luntha- “to balance, weigh”, it might have been ✱ᴱ√LUŊU. The form ᴱN. lung “heavy” reappeared in the Early Noldorin Grammar from the 1920s (PE13/122), but became ᴱN. lhung in the (Early) Noldorin Dictionary (PE13/163), after Tolkien decided that [[en|initial [r-], [l-] were unvoiced]].

In The Etymologies from the 1930s, the Noldorin form of this word was N. lhong derived from primitive ᴹ✶lungā (Ety/LUG¹), where [[n|the [u] became [o] due to a-affection]]. At this point in time, Mablung was Doriathrin/Ilkorin rather than a Noldorin name (Ety/MAP), so there was no conflict.

After Tolkien abandoned the Ilkorin language, Mablung would have become a Sindarin name, and Tolkien needed a new etymology for it. Judging by its later Quenya cognate Lungumá (VT47/19), it seems that Tolkien revised the primitive form of this word from ✶lungā to ✶lungŭ, as described above, possibly a restoration of its etymology from the 1920s. This meant there was no a-affection in the Sindarin development, making S. lung the Sindarin form of the word.

Neo-Sindarin: I personally prefer S. lung for the Sindarin word for “heavy”, but some Neo-Sindarin authors use the reformed word ᴺS. ^long, based on the Noldorin word lhong in The Etymologies, switching to a voiced [l] because the unvoicing of initial [l], [r] does not happen in Sindarin phonology. This is not entirely consistent with my prefered Neo-Quenya word for “heavy”: lunga; I assume there was some divergent evolution in Sindarin and Quenya for this word.

Cognates

• Q. lungo “heavy”

Derivations

• ✶lungu “heavy”
  • ᴹ√LUG “be heavy”

Element in

• S. Mablung “Heavy Hand” ✧ S/185

dram

blow

dram (i dhram) (heavy stroke), pl. draim (in draim);

dram

blow

(i dhram) (heavy stroke), pl. draim (in draim);

dram

heavy stroke

(i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim)

dram

stroke

(noun: heavy stroke) dram (i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim).

dram

stroke

(i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim).

dram

heavy stroke

dram (i dhram) (blow), pl. draim (in draim)

drambor

blow with fist

(i dhrambor) (clenched fist), pl. dramboer (in dramboer). Archaic ✱drambaur (dram + paur).

caul

heavy burden

(i gaul, o chaul) (affliction), pl. coel (i choel), coll. pl. colath; 

long

heavy

long (pl. lyng);

long

adjective. heavy

long

heavy

(pl. lyng);

matha

stroke

(vb.) matha- (i vatha, i mathar) (feel, handle; wield)

matha

stroke

(i vatha, i mathar) (feel, handle; wield)

wāya

verb. blow

Changes

• wā-ya → wā-wā “blow” ✧ PE17/034

Derivations

• √WĀ “blow; noise of wind, echoic representation of sound of wind” ✧ NM/237
• √WAY “blow (of wind), be disturbed” ✧ PE17/034

Derivatives

• S. gwae “wind” ✧ NM/237; PE17/034

Variations

• wā-yo ✧ NM/237
• wā-ya ✧ PE17/034
• wāyā ✧ PE17/034

wiw

root. blow

lungu Reconstructed

adjective. heavy

Derivations

• ᴹ√LUG “be heavy”

Derivatives

• Q. lungo “heavy”
• S. lung “heavy, heavy; [G.] grave, serious”

dram

noun. heavy stroke, heavy blow

Derivations

• ᴹ√DARAM “beat, hew, beat, hew; [ᴱ√] batter, thud” ✧ Ety/DARÁM

Element in

• N. drambor “clenched fist; blow with a fist, clenched fist; blow with a fist; [G.] thudder” ✧ Ety/DARÁM
• ᴺS. indram “shock, (lit.) mind-blow”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√DARÁM > dramb > dram(m)	[darámba] > [dramba] > [dramb] > [dramb] > [dramm] > [dram]	✧ Ety/DARÁM

Variations

• dram(m) ✧ Ety/DARÁM; EtyAC/DARÁM

dramb

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

dramm

noun. heavy stroke, a blow (of axe, etc.)

lhong

adjective. heavy

lhong

adjective. heavy

Cognates

• ᴹQ. lunga “heavy; fraught” ✧ Ety/LUG¹

Derivations

• ᴹ✶lungā “heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹
  • ᴹ√LUG “be heavy” ✧ Ety/LUG¹

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶lungā > lhong	[luŋgā] > [luŋga] > [loŋga] > [loŋg] > [l̥oŋg] > [l̥oŋ]	✧ Ety/LUG¹