kuina

adjective. alive

An adjective appearing as ᴹQ. kuina “alive” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake” (Ety/KUY).

Conceptual Development: A similar adjective ᴱQ. koina “living, alive” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√KOẎO “have life” (QL/48).

Neo-Quenya: Tolkien vacillated between the two roots √KOY and √KUY for “life”; I prefer to use √KOY for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, so I’d use ᴺQ. coina for “alive”. For “living” I’d using the word Q. coirëa from the 1950s (PM/399).

Cognates

• N. cuin “alive” ✧ Ety/KUY

Derivations

• ᴹ√KUY “come to life, awake” ✧ Ety/KUY

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KUY > kuina	[kuina]	✧ Ety/KUY

kú

noun. bow, bow; [ᴱQ.] crescent moon

Cognates

• N. cû “arch, crescent” ✧ Ety/KUƷ

Derivations

• ᴹ✶kuu̯ “bow” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
  • ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) “bow” ✧ Ety/KUƷ

Element in

• ᴺQ. cungandë “violin, (lit.) bow-harp”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶kuu̯ > kú	[kuɣ] > [kū]	✧ Ety/KUƷ

kub

root. bow

kuu̯

noun. bow

Derivations

• ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) “bow” ✧ Ety/KUƷ

Derivatives

• ᴹQ. kú “bow, bow; [ᴱQ.] crescent moon” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
• N. cû “arch, crescent” ✧ Ety/KUƷ

Variations

• kuw ✧ EtyAC/KUƷ

ku(ʒ)

root. bow

The root ᴹ√KU(Ʒ) “bow” appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s (Ety/KUƷ), most likely a later version of ᴱ√KUVU “bend, bow” from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s (QL/49). One notable derivative in both periods was G. cû “bow, crescent” and N. cû “arch, crescent”, which regularly appeared as S. cû “bow” in later writings, for example in S. Laer Cú Beleg “Song of the Great Bow” (GL/27; Ety/KUƷ; S/209).

The probably-related root ᴹ√KUB “bow” appeared in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/102); ᴹQ. nukumna “humbled (?under-bowed)” from this period may also be related (SD/246). In notes from the late 1950s or early 1960s Tolkien gave ✶kūma, Q. cúma and S. cû(f) next to Q. lúva “bow, bight (not for shooting)” < √LUB “bend”, so presumably cúma/cû was “bow (for shooting)” (PE17/122). Finally Q. cúna “bent, curved” appeared in notes associated with the version of the Q. Markirya poem from the late 1960s, along with a verb form cúna- “to bend” (MC/222-223).

These variations make it difficult to determine what Tolkien intended the root to mean, but for purposes of Neo-Eldarin I would assume a base root of √KU(Ʒ) or √KU(H) with perhaps a verbal variant √KUB based on its use in the 1940s, and with the primitive sense “bow, bend”.

Derivatives

• ᴹ✶kuʒnā “bowed, bow-shaped, bent” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
  • Ilk. caun “bowed, bow-shaped, bent” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
  • Dan. cogn “bowed, bow-shaped, bent” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
  • N. cûn “bowed, bow-shaped, bent, bowed, bent, bow-shaped, [G.] concave” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
• ᴹ✶kuu̯ “bow” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
  • ᴹQ. kú “bow, bow; [ᴱQ.] crescent moon” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
  • N. cû “arch, crescent” ✧ Ety/KUƷ
• ᴹQ. kuv- “to bow” ✧ PE22/102

Element in

• ᴹ✶kuʒnā “bowed, bow-shaped, bent”
• ᴹQ. nukumna “humbled”

Variations

• KUƷ ✧ Ety/KUƷ; EtyAC/KWIG
• KU ✧ Ety/KWIG
• KUB ✧ PE22/102

cuib

adjective. alive

Derivations

• ᴱ√KOẎO “have life”

Element in

• G. cuibri “vitality” ✧ GL/27

cû

noun. bow, crescent; the waxing or waning moon

Cognates

• Eq. kú “crescent moon” ✧ LT1A/Uolë Kúvion
• Eq. kúne “crescent, bow, arch” ✧ LT1A/Uolë Kúvion

Derivations

• ᴱ√KUVU “bend, bow” ✧ GL/27; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion

Element in

• G. cûn “bowed, bent, concave” ✧ GL/27
• G. Cuvonweg “The Moon King” ✧ GL/27; LT1A/Uolë Kúvion

Variations

• Cû ✧ GL/27

cwing

noun. bow

Derivations

• ᴱ√QINGI “*bow”

Element in

• G. Cris a Teld Quing Ilon “Gully of the Rainbow Roof” ✧ LT2A/Teld Quing Ilon
• G. cwingfim “skilled at archery” ✧ GL/28
• G. cwingfimli “skill at archery” ✧ GL/28
• G. cwinglios “archery” ✧ GL/28
• G. cwingron “archer” ✧ GL/28
• G. Thlim Quing Ilon “*Folk of the Heavenly Arc” ✧ PE13/104

Variations

• Quing ✧ PE13/104; PE13/104

quing

noun. bow

cuif

adjective. alive

Derivations

• ᴱ√KOẎO “have life”

qinga

noun. bow

Derivations

• ᴱ√QINGI “*bow” ✧ QL/077

Element in

• Eq. iluqinga “rainbow” ✧ LT1A/Ilweran

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ√QINGI > qinga	[kʷiŋgā] > [kʷiŋga]	✧ QL/077

qíva

adjective. awake

An adjective appearing as ᴱQ. Qîva “awake” in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√QIV; Tolkien noted it was sometimes confused with ᴱQ. koiva “lively, living” (GL/29).

Neo-Quenya: I would adapt this word as ᴺQ. cuiva “awake” using the later root √KUY.

Cognates

• G. cwivros “awakening” ✧ GL/29
• G. cwim “awake, alert, alive”

Derivations

• ᴱ√QIVI “*awake” ✧ GL/29

Element in

• Eq. qívie “awakening” ✧ GL/29

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴱ√QIV > Qîva	[kʷīβā] > [kʷīβa] > [kʷīva]	✧ GL/29

Variations

• Qîva ✧ GL/29