cen-

see, behold

cen- ("k")vb. "see, behold", future tense cenuva ("kenuva") "shall see" in Markirya. Imperative cena ("k"), VT47:31.Also #cen = noun "sight" as the final element of some nouns (*apacen, tercen, q.v.) Compare the root KHEN-, KEN-, KYEN- "look at, see, observe, direct gaze" (VT45:21)

cen-

verb. to see, behold, look, to see, behold, look, *perceive

Cognates

• S. cen- “to see, perceive, look”

Derivations

• √KEN “see, perceive, note, see, perceive, note, [ᴹ√] look at, observe, direct gaze”

Element in

• Q. á cenë ancénië “look sharper, closer, more attentively, better, more closely” ✧ PE17/094; PE17/094
• ᴺQ. ascénie “obviously, *(lit.) easily seen”
• Q. cen “sight, sight, *sense of sight”
• Q. cenda “inspection, reading”
• ᴺQ. cénë “sight”
• Q. cénima “visible, visible, [ᴹQ.] able to be seen”
• Q. cenítë “seeing, *able to see”
• ᴺQ. cenya “*perceptive”
• Q. cenya “*perceptive”
• ᴺQ. cénelóra “blind”
• Q. man cenuva fána cirya? “Who shall see a white ship?” ✧ MC/221
• Q. man cenuva lumbor ahosta? “Who shall see the clouds gather?” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
• Q. man cenuva métim’ andúnë? “Who shall see the last evening?” ✧ MC/222; MC/222
• Q. tas cennen nótimë eldali “I saw a few elves there” ✧ PE22/155

Variations

• ken- ✧ MC/222

cenya

verb. see, perceive

ascenë

visible, easily seen

ascenë, ascénima (þ) adj. "visible, easily seen" (PE17:148)

cenima

visible

cenima ("k") adj. "visible" (PE17:175); cf. cen- "see". Read possibly *cénima; see -ima and cf. hraicénima "scarcely visible" (PE17:154).

cénima

adjective. visible

cénima

adjective. visible, visible, [ᴹQ.] able to be seen

Derivations

• √KEN “see, perceive, note, see, perceive, note, [ᴹ√] look at, observe, direct gaze” ✧ PE22/155

Element in

• ᴺQ. alacénima “invisible”
• Q. ascénima “visible, easily seen”
• Q. hraicénima “scarcely visible, hard to see”
• Q. Nasser ar Cenime Cantar Valaron ar Maiaron “The Natures and Visible Shapes of the Valar and Maiar” ✧ PE17/175
• ᴺQ. tercénima “transparent”
• ᴺQ. úcénima “invisible”

Elements

Word	Gloss
cen-	“to see, behold, look, to see, behold, look, *perceive”
-ima	“-able, possibility, -able, [ᴹQ.] -ible, able to be done, [ᴱQ.] possible”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√KEN > kénima	[kēnima]	✧ PE22/155

Variations

• kénima ✧ PE22/155

tunta-

see, notice, perceive

tunta- "see, notice, perceive", pa.t. túne (QL:95)

a-

see

a- (2) a prefix occurring in the Markirya poem (Tolkien first used na-, then changed it). It may be prefixed to verbal stems following a noun that is the object of sense-verbs like "see" and "hear" when the verb it is prefixed to describes what happens to this noun, as in man cenuva lumbor ahosta[?] (changed from na-hosta), "who shall see the clouds gather?" (hosta = "gather").

véla

verb. see

véla (2) vb. "see" (Arct); present/continuative tense of a verbal stem #vel-? The context of the sentence where it occurs ("till I see you next") suggests that this is "see" in the sense of "meet".

>> yomenië

á

immediate time reference

a (3), also á, imperative particle. An imperative with "immediate time reference" is expressed by á in front of the verb (or "occasionally after it, sometimes before and after for emphasis"), with the verb following in "the simplest form also used for the uninflected aorist without specific time reference past or present or future" (PE17:93). Cf. a laita te, laita te! "[o] bless them, bless them!", á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!", literally "o rule Manwë!" (see laita, vala for reference); cf. also á carë "do[!]", á ricë "try!", á lirë "sing[!]", á menë "proceed[!]", a norë "run[!]" (PE17:92-93, notice short a in this example), á tula "come!" (VT43:14). In the last example, the verb tul- "come" receives an ending -a that probably represents the _suffixed form of the imperative particle, this apparently being an example of the imperative element occurring both "before and after" the verbal stem "for emphasis" (PE17:93)_. This ending may also appear on its own with no preceding a/á, as in the command queta "speak!" (PE17:138). Other examples of imperatives with suffixed -a include cena and tira (VT47:31, see cen-, tir-); the imperatives of these same verbs are however also attested as á tirë, á cenë (PE17:94) with the imperative particle remaining independent and the following verb appearing as an uninflected aorist stem. This aorist can be plural to indicate a 3rd person pl. subject: á ricir! "let them try!" (PE17:93). Alyë (VT43:17, VT44:9) seems to be the imperative particle a with the pronominal suffix -lyë "you, thou" suffixed to indicate the subject who is to carry out the command; attested in the phrase alyë anta "give thou" (elided aly' in VT43:11, since the next word begins in e-: aly' eterúna me, *"do thou deliver us"); presumably other pronominal suffixes could likewise be added. The particle a is also present in the negative imperatives ala, #ála or áva, q.v.