exa

other

exa adj.? "other" (apparently as adjective) (VT47:10, VT49:33). Also eces ("k"), unless this is intended as the stem underlying exa (the root KES with prefixed stem-vowel) rather than a Quenya word (VT49:33).

exa

adjective. other

Derivations

• √KES “other” ✧ VT47/40

Element in

• ᴺQ. exanen “otherwise, in an other way”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ekes > exa	[eksa]	✧ VT47/40

hyana

other

hyana adj. "other", cf. hya (VT49:14)

hyana

adjective. other

Derivations

• ✶khyana “other” ✧ VT49/14

Element in

• ᴺQ. hyano “rather”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶khyana > hyana	[kʰjana] > [xjana] > [j̊ana]	✧ VT49/14

exe

noun. the other

Derivations

• √KES “other” ✧ VT47/40

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ekes > exe	[ekse]	✧ VT47/40

enta

adjective. another, one more, another, one more; [ᴹQ.] that yonder, then (fut.); [ᴱQ.] that there (emphatic)

Derivations

• √ENET “*one more” ✧ VT47/15

Element in

• Q. yunquentë “thirteen” ✧ VT47/15

Elements

Word	Gloss
EN	“again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond, again, once more, go on doing; further, beyond; [ᴹ√] yonder, over there”
TA	“that, there, then; demonstrative”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√en-et > enta	[eneta] > [enta]	✧ VT47/15

netë

one more, another

netë *"one more, another", used in enumerating a series: e.g. 1, 2, (3), netë, netë, netë...with netë used instead of citing the actual numbers. (VT47:15, VT48:14-15, 31)

exë

the other, *another

exë noun "the other, another" _(VT47:40, VT49:33). _Though Tolkien included the article "the" in his gloss, this may be simply to indicate that exë is a noun, not to suggest that it is inherently definite and does not require the definite article i. Used in an indefinite sense, without i preceding, exë would likely translate as "another".

enta

that yonder

enta demonstrative "that yonder" (EN). In VT47:15, enta is defined as "another, one more" (but it may seem that Tolkien also considered the word exë for this meaning).

egel

adjective. other

Derivations

• √HEK “aside, apart, separate”

Element in

• ᴺS. egelren “different, strange”

eithor

adjective. other, another

kes

root. other

Derivatives

• Q. exa “other” ✧ VT47/40
• Q. exe “the other” ✧ VT47/40

Variations

• ekes ✧ VT47/40

khy-

root. other

Tolkien used a variety of different roots for “otherness” and “or” throughout his life. The earliest of these was ᴱ√VARA from the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, unglossed but with derivatives like ᴱQ. vára “other”, ᴱQ. var “or”, ᴱQ. varya “different” and ᴱQ. varimo “foreigner” (QL/100). Similar words in the Gnomish lexicon such as G. far(o)n “separate, different, strange” and G. faronwed “foreign” seem to be based on a distinct but possibly related root, apparently being derived from G. far- “separate, sever, divide” (GL/34). The Gnomish words for “otherness” seem to be based on the (hypothetical) root ✱ᴱ√ELE, such as G. el “or” and G. eleg “other, else” (GL/32); see the entry on ✱ᴱ√ELE for further discussion.

In the Early Qenya Grammar, the “other” words were based on ᴱQ. etya (comparative) and ᴱQ. nyanya (general), but these words were on a page of demonstratives and their primitive basis isn’t clear (PE14/55). The next published “or” word was S. egor from the King’s Letter in the omitted epilogue to The Lord of the Rings, written towards the very end of the 1940s (SD/129).

The next set of “or/other” words do not appear until the 1960s. The primitive form ✶khē̆ appears in notes on reflexives from 1965 as the basis for Q. hé “him, the other” (VT49/15). In rough notes on numbers written in the late 1960s, Tolkien gave the possibly-related root √KES “other”, with derivatives Q. exa “other” and Q. exe “the other”, apparently adjective and noun (VT47/40). Finally in some notes written in 1968 or later, Tolkien gave the primitive element √KHY- “other”, with derivatives Q. hye “other person”, Q. hya “other thing”, and Q. hyana “other [adjective]” (VT49/14).

These primitive forms also seem to be connected to various words Tolkien considered for “or” in the Ambidexters Sentence composed in 1969: khe >> hela >> hya (VT49/14). Patrick Wynne suggested the first two of these might be connected to 1965 ✶khē̆, and the last one to 1968+ √KHY-. This last root may also be connected to Q. ahya- “change” (circa 1960); if so Tolkien may have been vacillating among various possible forms throughout the 1960s.

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is better to use √KHY- and its derivatives, since they are a more comprehensive paradigm including the best available Quenya word for “or”.

Changes

• khe → hela ✧ VT49/14

Derivatives

• ✶khyā̆ “other thing” ✧ VT49/14
  • Q. hya “other thing” ✧ VT49/14
• ✶khyē̆ “other person” ✧ VT49/14
  • Q. hye “other person, him (the other)” ✧ VT49/14
• Q. hya “or”
• Q. hye “other person, him (the other)” ✧ VT49/15

Element in

• Q. epetai i hyarma ú ten ulca símaryassen “consequently the left hand was not to them evil in their imaginations” ✧ VT49/14

Variations

• khe ✧ VT49/14 (khe)
• khy- ✧ VT49/14
• khē̆ ✧ VT49/15

khyana

adjective. other

Derivatives

• Q. hyana “other” ✧ VT49/14