ringa

cold

ringa adj. "cold" (Markirya); the Etymologies gives ringë (RINGI), but it seems that ringa is to be preferred (cf. Ringarë below). Yá hrívë tenë, ringa ná "when winter comes, it is cold" (VT49:23). According to VT46:11, Tolkien originally used the form ringa in Etym as well; later he would restore it. - In early "Qenya", ringa is glossed "damp, cold, chilly" (LT1:265)

ringwë

cold pool or lake (in mountains)

ringwë (1) noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)" (VT46:11). The misreading ringë appears in Etym as printed in LR, entry RINGI.

ringë

cold

ringë adj. "cold", also ringa (which form is to be preferred; cf. Ringarë in LotR). In the Etymologies as printed in LR, ringë is also given as a noun "cold pool or lake (in mountains)", but according to VT46:11 this noun should read ringwë. (RINGI)

ringa

adjective. cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp

Cognates

• S. ring “cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool”

Derivations

• ✶ringā
  • √RINGI “cold”

Element in

• Q. Ringarë “December, *Coldness”
• Q. ringa súmaryassë “in her cold bosom” ✧ MC/222
• Q. yá hríve menë, ringa ná “when winter comes/arrives/is with us, it is cold” ✧ VT49/23 (yá hríve tene, ringa ná)

corma

noun. ring

A word for “ring” appearing as an element in Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” (LotR/953), clearly derived from the root √KOR “round”. It also appeared in a translation of the title of The Lord of the Rings that Tolkien included in a 1973 letter to Phillip Brown: i Túrin i Cormaron.

Conceptual Development: Another translation of “Lord of the Rings” is known from an exhibit of Tolkien manuscripts: Heru imillion, where presumably the element millë means “ring” (DTS/54). In a deleted entry from The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had ᴹQ. kolma “ring ([?on] finger)” [or possibly “or finger”] derived from a deleted root ᴹ√KOL (EtyAC/KOL).

Cognates

• S. cor “ring, circle”
• ᴺS. corf “ring (for fingers)”

Element in

• Q. Cormacolindor “Ring-bearers” ✧ LotR/0953
• Q. Cormarë “Ringday” ✧ LotR/1112
• Q. i Túrin i Cormaron “the Lord of the Rings” ✧ Minor-Doc/1973-05-30

Elements

Word	Gloss
KOR	“round, round; [ᴱ√] be round, roll”
-ma	“instrumental”

Variations

• Corma ✧ LotR/0953 (Corma); LotR/1112 (Corma)

corma

ring

#corma noun "ring", isolated from #cormacolindo "Ring-bearer", pl. cormacolindor (LotR3:VI ch. 4, translated in Letters:308); Cormarë "Ringday", a festival held on Yavannië 30 in honour of Frodo Baggins (Appendix D)

risil

ring

*risil (þ) noun "ring" (on the ground) in Rithil-Anamo, q.v.

millë

noun. ?ring

Element in

• Q. Heru Imillion “Lord of the Rings” ✧ DTS/54

linga

verb. [ring]

hyal-

verb. to ring, resound

Derivations

• ᴹ√SYAL “*resound”

yelwa

cold

yelwa (2) adj. "cold" (LT1:260 this "Qenya" word is apparently obsoleted by # 1 above. In LotR-style Quenya, the regular term for "cold" seems to be ringa.)

corto

noun. circle

Cognates

• S. corod “circle” ✧ NM/351

Derivations

• √KOR “round, round; [ᴱ√] be round, roll”

Element in

• Q. Tarmacorto “High Mountain Circle”

niquë

noun. cold, cold; [ᴹQ.] snow

Derivations

• √NIK(W) “(also of) snow, ice, snow, ice; *white” ✧ PE17/168

Element in

• Q. taniquelassë “*high-white-leaf”
• Q. Taniquetil “High White Peak” ✧ PE17/168; PE17/168

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√NIK > nī̆que	[nikwe]	✧ PE17/168

Variations

• nī̆que ✧ PE17/168
• nique ✧ WJ/417

rindë

circle

rindë noun "circle" (RIN)

ring

adjective. cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool

Cognates

• Q. ringa “cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp”

Derivations

• √RINGI “cold” ✧ SA/ring

Element in

• S. Ethring “*Across Cold”
• S. Himring “Ever-cold” ✧ SA/ring
• S. Ringló “Chillflood” ✧ SA/ring; VT42/13
• S. Ringnen “Chill-water” ✧ VT42/14
• S. Ringwil ✧ SA/ring

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ring > ring	[riŋge] > [riŋg] > [riŋ]	✧ SA/ring

Variations

• ring- ✧ VT42/13

ring

adjective. cold

ringorn

noun. circle

rind

noun. circle

ring

cold

(adj.) ring (no distinct pl. form),

ring

cold

(no distinct pl. form)

ringorn

circle

pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

ringorn

noun. circle

rind

circle

1) rind (construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath. 2) corn (i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed", 3) (outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr), 4) ringorn, pl. ringyrn (idh ringyrn)

cor

noun. ring, circle

Cognates

• Q. corma “ring”

Derivations

• √KOR “round, round; [ᴱ√] be round, roll”

Element in

• ᴺS. coranor “solar year, (lit.) sun-round”
• S. Cormallen “Golden Circle” ✧ RC/625
• S. echor “outer circle; encircling”

rind

noun. circle

echor

noun. outer circle, encircling, outer ring

rind

circle

(construct rin; no distinct pl. form except with article: idh rind), coll. pl. rinnath.

echor

ring

(outer ring or circle) echor (pl. echyr). It is unclear what the Sindarin word for an ornamental ring is; the cognate of Quenya corma would be *corf (i gorf, o chorf; pl. cyrf, i chyrf, coll. pl. corvath).

echor

ring

(pl. echyr). It is unclear what the Sindarin word for an ornamental ring is; the cognate of Quenya corma would be ✱corf (i gorf, o chorf; pl. cyrf, i chyrf, coll. pl. corvath).

him

adjective. cool

Element in

• S. Himlad “Cool Plain; (lit.) ?Ever-plain” ✧ SA/him

Variations

• him ✧ SA/him

him

adjective. cool

oel

adjective. cool

Element in

• S. Nen Hithoel “Mist-cool Water” ✧ RC/328

corn

circle

(i gorn, o chorn), pl. cyrn (i chyrn). The word is also used as an adj. "circular, round, globed"

corod Reconstructed

noun. circle

Cognates

• Q. corto “circle” ✧ NM/351

Derivations

• √KOR “round, round; [ᴱ√] be round, roll”

Element in

• S. Orchorod “High Mountain Circle” ✧ NM/351

echor

circle

(pl. echyr)

helch

bitterly cold

(lenited chelch; pl. hilch);

him

cool

him (lenited chim; no distinct pl. form). Note that homophones include both the adjective ”steadfast, abiding” and the adverb ”continually”.

him

cool

(lenited chim; no distinct pl. form). Note that homophones include both the adjective ”steadfast, abiding” and the adverb ”continually”.

rim

cold pool/lake

; no distinct pl. form except with article (idh rim), coll. pl. rimmath. Note: a homophone means ”crowd, great number, host”.

rim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

nazg

noun. ring

Derivations

• ✶nazgā “bond, fetter” ✧ PE19/101
  • √NASAG “*bond, fetter” ✧ PE19/101

Element in

• Bs. ash nazg durbatulûk “one ring to rule them all” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg gimbatul “one ring to find them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. ash nazg thrakatulûk agh burzum-ishi krimpatul “one ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them” ✧ LotR/0254; PE17/011
• Bs. Nazgûl “Ring-wraith” ✧ Let/178; Let/382; PE17/011; PE17/031; PE17/079; PE17/079; PE17/125; RC/762

nazg

noun. (finger-)ring

>> Nazgûl 'Ringwraiths'

ringi

root. cold

Tolkien used very similar forms for Elvish words for “cold” for all of his life. The earliest iteration of this root was unglossed ᴱ√RIŊI in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with derivatives like ᴱQ. rin (ring-) “dew” and ᴱQ. ringa “damp, cold, chilly” (QL/80). The root had similar derivatives in the contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon such as G. rî “coolness, cool” and G. ring “cool, cold” (GL/65). In The Etymologies of the 1930s Tolkien gave the root {ᴹ√RINGĀ >>} ᴹ√RINGI “cold” with derivatives like ᴹQ. ringe/N. rhing “cold” (Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI). Primitive forms ✶riñgi “chill” and ✶riñgā appeared in Common Eldarin: Noun Structure from the early 1950s (PE21/80), and Christopher Tolkien mentioned √ring as the basis for cold words in the Silmarillion Appendix (SA/ring).

Derivatives

• ✶ringā
  • Q. ringa “cold, cold, [ᴱQ.] chilly; damp”
• ✶ringi “chill”
• Q. Ringarë “December, *Coldness” ✧ SA/ring
• Q. Ringil ✧ SA/ring
• S. ring “cold, chill, cold, chill, [G.] cool” ✧ SA/ring

Variations

• ring ✧ SA/ring

gyel

root. ringing, [ᴹ√] *cry of joy or triumph, [√] ringing

This root appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s unglossed, but with derivatives like ᴹQ. yello “call, shout, cry of triumph” and N. gell “joy, triumph, (?victory)” (Ety/GYEL); the last gloss being unclear (EtyAC/GYEL). In The Etymologies, it replaced deleted ᴹ√GEL, also indicated by ᴹQ. ello >> yello. The root reappeared a couple decades later in a list of sound words as part of the set √GYEL, √ÑGYEL, √GYOL, √ÑGYOL collectively glossed “ringing” (PE17/138); see √ÑYEL for further discussion. For the purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think it is best to assume this root retained its 1930s meaning, which was probably something like “✱cry of joy or triumph”.

Variations

• GYOL ✧ PE17/138; PE17/155

gyol

root. ringing

rhing

adjective. cold

Changes

• rheng → rhing ✧ Ety/RINGI

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ringe “cold, cold, *chill” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Derivations

• On. ringe “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI
  • ᴹ√RINGI “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI; EtyAC/RINGI

Element in

• N. Himring “Ever-cold”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. ringe > rhing	[riŋge] > [riŋg] > [r̥iŋg] > [r̥iŋ]	✧ Ety/RINGI
On. ringa > rheng	[riŋga] > [reŋga] > [reŋg] > [r̥eŋg] > [r̥eŋ]	✧ EtyAC/RINGI

Variations

• rheng ✧ EtyAC/RINGI (rheng)

rhing

adjective. cold

nella-

verb. to sound (of bells), to sound (of bells), *ring

Derivations

• ᴹ√NYEL “ring, sing, give out a sweet sound” ✧ Ety/NYEL

Element in

• ᴺS. nellad “sound of bells, ringing”
• N. nelladel “ringing of bells” ✧ Ety/NYEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√NYEL > nella-	[njella-] > [nella-]	✧ Ety/NYEL

rhim

noun. cold pool or lake (in mountains)

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s given as N. rhim “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” derived from the root ᴹ√RINGI “cold” (Ety/RINGI). This word is the final element of N. Mithrim “✱Grey Lake” in The Etymologies, but in later writings Tolkien explained this name differently, deriving the name from the Elves that lived around the lake, so it may have been abandoned.

Neo-Sindarin: If adapted to Neo-Sindarin, this word would be ᴺS. rim. Since √RINGI “cold” survived in later writings, this word may still be viable, though it would conflict with S. rim “host, a great number”.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. ringwe “cold pool or lake (in mountains)” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Derivations

• ᴹ√RINGI “cold” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Element in

• N. Mithrim “*Mist Lake” ✧ Ety/RINGI

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RINGI > rhimb > rhim	[riŋgwi] > [riŋgwe] > [rimbe] > [rimb] > [r̥imb] > [r̥imb] > [r̥imm] > [r̥im]	✧ Ety/RINGI

Variations

• rhim ✧ Ety/RINGI

rhinn

noun. circle

Cognates

• ᴹQ. rinde “circle” ✧ Ety/RIN

Derivations

• ᴹ√RIN “*circle” ✧ Ety/RIN

Element in

• N. idhrin “year, *(lit.) year-circle” ✧ Ety/RIN
• N. rhingorn “circle” ✧ Ety/RIN

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√RIN > rhind > rhinn	[rinde] > [rind] > [r̥ind] > [r̥inn]	✧ Ety/RIN

helch

noun. bitter cold

rhind

noun. circle

rhingorn

noun. circle

rhingorn

noun. circle

Elements

Word	Gloss
rhinn	“circle”
corn	“round, globed”

Variations

• rhin-gorn ✧ Ety/KOR

rhinn

noun. circle