ped

root. slope, slant down

This root first appeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as unglossed ᴹ√PEN with extended form ᴹ√PÉNED from which the main words in its entry were derived: ᴹQ. penda “sloping down, inclined”, ᴹQ. pende “slope, downslope, declivity” and N. penn “declivity” (Ety/PEN). The last of these has a precursor in Early Noldorin Word-lists from the 1920s: ᴱN. benn “inclined, sloping” or “slanting, sloping, up or down hill”, along with a noun form ᴱN. binn “slope”, apparently derived from the adjective plural (PE13/138, 160). This earlier form is reflected on several rejected roots in The Etymologies, with ᴹ√BEND >> ᴹ√DEN >> ᴹ√PEN (EtyAC/DAT, DEN).

In later writings, Tolkien generally gave the base root as √PED, a change Tolkien seems to have introduced to avoid conflict with a new root √PEN “lack, not have” (PE17/171, 173). The root √PED was variously glossed “incline, slope” (PE17/171), “fall in steep slant, incline, slope” (PE17/173) or “slope, slant down” (WJ/375); all these notes date to 1959-60. Tolkien went to say that “strong forms [were] lost in Quenya owing to similarity to √PER half” (PE17/173). Indeed, in this period like in the 1930s, all the actual derivatives (in both Quenya and Sindarin) seem to be based on √PEND-, so it may be easier to assume that this was the true form of the root.

ped-

ped-

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pend

slope

pl1. pind _n. _slope. >> #penn, pind, pinn

ped-

say

_ v. _say. Q. quĕt-. >> pedo

ped-

verb. to say, speak

ped-

verb. to speak, to say

pedo

verb. speak! say!

ped

speak

ped- (i **bêd**, i phedir) (say), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.: No word simply meaning “spear” is attested, but cf. the following:

ped

say

ped- (i **bêd**, i phedir) (speak), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

ped

speak

(i bêd, i phedir) (say), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

ped

say

(i bêd, i phedir) (speak), pa.t. pent (attested in mutated form -phent); the imperative pedo is also attested.

pedh- Reconstructed

verb. to fall in steep slant, incline, slope, to incline, slope, fall in steep slant

A strong verb in Sindarin given as ped- and presumably of the same basic meaning as its root √PED “fall in steep slant, incline, slope” (PE17/173). Its actual Sindarin form would be ✱pedh-, since [[s|[d] generally became [ð]]] in Sindarin. Tolkien also gave the verb penna- “come down in a slant, fall”, so it may be that ✱pedh- means only “incline, slope”.

adlanna-

verb. to slope, slant

penn

slope

pl1. pinn _n. _slope. >> #pend

adlanna

slope

(vb.) *adlanna- (slant) (i adlanna, in adlannar). This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” atlanna-.

adlanna

slope

(slant) (i adlanna, in adlannar). This is a suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” atlanna-.

pind

slope

(noun) 1) #pind (i bind; construct pin) (declivity), no distinct pl. form except with article (i phind), coll. pl. pinnath (in the name Pinnath Gelin). 2) talad (i dalad, o thalad) (incline), pl. telaid (i thelaid).

ped-

verb. to speak

atlanna-

verb. to slope, slant

pendë

slope, downslope, declivity

pendë noun "slope, downslope, declivity" (PEN/PÉNED), "steep incline, hill side" (PE17:24)

nendë

slope, hillside

[nendë] (2) noun "slope, hillside" (DEN, struck out; compare VT45:9)

penda-

verb. slope, incline

penda- vb. "slope, incline" (PE17:171, 173)

quet-

verb. say, speak

quet- vb. "say, speak" (SA:quen-/quet-, LT2:348), sg. aorist quetë in VT41:11 and VT49:19 (spelt "qete" in the latter source), not to be confused with the infinitival aorist stem in the example polin quetë "I can speak" (VT41:6); pl. aorist quetir in VT49:10-11, present tense quéta in VT41:13, pa.t. quentë in PM:401, 404, apparent gerund quetië in VT49:28 (by Tolkien translated as "words", but more literally evidently *"speaking"). Imperative in the command queta Quenya! "speak Quenya!" (PE17:138), see Quenya regarding the meaning of this phrase. The same verb is translated "tell" in the sentence órenya quetë nin "my heart tells me" (VT41:15). Cf. also #maquet-

bith-

verb. to say

A verbal form of Ad. bêth “expression, saying, word” attested only as an agental-formation as part of the noun izindu-bêth “true-sayer” (SD/427); see that entry for further discussion of its phonetic development. As suggested by Thorsten Renk suggested (NBA/24, 26), the verb stem is probably bith-, consistent with its primitive root ✶Ad. √BITH. Since agental forms generally have a lengthened or fortified vowel, the verb stem bith- could have the fortified agental form -bêth.

bith

root. say

A root glossed “say” (SD/416), from which bêth “expression, saying, word” is most likely derived. It may be related to the Primitive Elvish root √KWET; see the entry on bêth for further discussion.