or-

urge, impel, move

#or- vb. "urge, impel, move", only of "mental" impulse. Constructed as an impersonal verb: orë nin caritas "I would like/feel moved to do so" (VT41:13), literally *"it impels for me to do so" (notice that what is the subject in English appears in the dative in Quenya). Elsewhere this verb is presented as an A-stem ora- instead (so that the aorist would be ora instead of orë, cf. ora nin "it warns me" in VT41:15), with past tense oranë or ornë, future tense oruv[a], present tense órëa and a form orië that may be the gerund; the forms orórië and ohórië were rejected but may have been intended as perfect forms (VT41:13, 18, VT49:54)

or-

verb. to warn, urge, feel an urge/wish/desire

Element in

• Q. orë nin caritas “I feel an urge/wish/desire to do it” ✧ VT41/13
• Q. orë nin caritas nó namin alasaila “I would like / feel moved to do so but judge it unwise” ✧ VT41/13

ora-

verb. to warn, urge, feel an urge/wish/desire

Cognates

• S. gor- “to warn, urge” ✧ VT41/13
• T. hor- “to warn, urge” ✧ VT41/13; VT41/15

Derivations

• √GOR “deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move, deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move; [ᴹ√] impetus, haste, violence” ✧ VT41/11; VT41/15

Element in

• Q. ora nin “it warns me” ✧ VT41/15

Variations

• or- ✧ VT41/13

or

over

or prep. "over" (CO); in early "Qenya", this preposition was also defined as "on, upon" (LT1:256, MC:216). Prefixed or- is translated "up" in ortil, q.v.

or

preposition. above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on

Cognates

• N. or “above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on”

Element in

• Q. ar i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa tennoio “and of the One who is above all thrones for ever” ✧ UT/305
• ᴺQ. oranar “noon, (lit.) above Sun”
• ᴺQ. orolanda “upland, plateau”
• ᴺQ. ortirmo “overseer”
• ᴺQ. ortur- “to overpower, conquer, prevail”

orta-

verb. to rise

Derivations

• √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

• Q. Eldar oronter “the Elves arose” ✧ PE21/77

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√OR/ORO > órta-	[orta-]	✧ PE17/063

Variations

• orta ✧ PE17/052; PE22/164
• órta- ✧ PE17/064
• ortă ✧ PE22/157

orya-

verb. to rise

Derivations

• √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE17/063; PE22/156; PE22/163
• ✶orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/157
  • √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE22/134

Element in

• ᴺQ. orina “risen”
• Q. ormo “riser”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√OR/ORO > óryă	[orja-]	✧ PE17/063
√OR > orya	[orja-]	✧ PE22/156
✶or-ṓryā̆ye > or-ṓryeı̯e > orórie	[orōrjaje] > [orōrjie] > [orōrie]	✧ PE22/157
√oro/ro > orya-	[orja-]	✧ PE22/163

Variations

• óryă ✧ PE17/064
• orya ✧ PE22/156; PE22/157
• orya- ✧ PE22/163

olla

over

olla prep "over" (= beyond, of things passed over, as in "I went over a river" or "they went over the hill") (PE17:65)

apa

on

apa (2) prep. denoting "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall). Apa is said to have this meaning in various Tolkien manuscripts (VT44:26), but apa is also used for "after" (see apa #1 above), and the two were probably never meant to coexist in a single variant of Quenya. The clash may be avoided by consistently using the variants pá, pa (q.v.) mentioned by Tolkien in the sense of apa #2. Another variant gives apa, pá "on (above but touching)" (VT49:18).

pá

on

pá, pa (1) prep. "on" with reference to contact of surfaces, especially vertical surface (in the sense in which a picture hangs on a wall); also used = "touching, as regards, concerning" (VT44:26). Another variant gives pá (and apa) with the meaning "on (above but touching)". (2) Variants of apa "after" (VT44:36), which preposition is in one source also ascribed the first meaning here discussed. For Neo-Quenya purposes, pá and pa may be used for "on" or "concerning", whereas apa is used for "after" (see entries for apa #1 and #2), or pa may also be seen as a shorter form of apa "after", as in the phrase yéni pa yéni *"years upon years" (VT44:36)

am-

up

am- (1) prefix "up" (AM2)

am-

prefix. up, up, [ᴱQ.] upwards

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”

Element in

• ᴺQ. amacarastië “upbuilding”
• Q. Amanar “Yule”
• ᴺQ. amaquat- “to fulfill, (lit.) up fill”
• Q. amaurë “dawn, early day, morning” ✧ MC/223
• ᴺQ. amavil- “to fly up, soar”
• Q. amorta- “to heave”

amba

adverb. up(wards)

Cognates

• S. am “up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above”

Derivations

• √AMA “addition, increase, plus” ✧ PE17/091
• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up” ✧ PE17/157

Element in

• ᴺQ. ambahep- “to maintain, (lit.) upkeep”
• ᴺQ. ambalasar “stalagmite, (lit.) up-growing stone”
• Q. ambalotsë “uprising-flower”
• Q. Ambaráto “*High Champion”
• Q. Ambaróna “Eastern (Land)” ✧ PE17/082; PE17/091; RC/385
• Q. ambarónë “dawn, dawn; [ᴹQ.] uprising, sunrise, Orient”
• Q. Ambarto “*High and Lofty” ✧ PM/354
• Q. Ambarussa “Top-russet” ✧ PM/354

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√AMA > amba	[amba]	✧ PE17/091
√AM > amba-	[amba]	✧ PE17/157

Variations

• amba- ✧ PE17/082; PE17/157
• amba ✧ PE17/091; PM/354; RC/385; UT/255

amba

up, upwards

amba 1) adv. "up, upwards" (AM2, PE17:157). Apparently also ama (UNU).

amu

up, upwards

amu adv. "up, upwards" (LT2:335; in Tolkien's later Quenya amba)

ama

up

ama adv.? element not glossed, evidently meaning "up" like the prefix am-, or an alternative form of amba (UNU)

amba

adverb. up

tyulya-

verb. to rise

Derivations

• ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight), stand up (straight); [ᴱ√] tall”

or-

prefix. -day

Element in

• S. Oraeron “Sea-day, *Thursday”
• S. Oranor “*(lit.) Sun-day, Sunday”
• S. Orbelain “*Day of the Valar, Friday”
• S. Orgaladh “Day of the Tree, *Tuesday”
• S. Orgaladhad “Day of the Two Trees, *Tuesday”
• S. Orgilion “*Star-day, Saturday”
• S. Orithil “*Moon-day, Monday”
• S. Ormenel “*Heavens-day, Wednesday”

Variations

• or ✧ PE17/120
• Or- ✧ SA/ur

gor-

verb. to warn, urge

Cognates

• Q. ora- “to warn, urge, feel an urge/wish/desire” ✧ VT41/13

Derivations

• √GOR “deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move, deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move; [ᴹ√] impetus, haste, violence” ✧ VT41/11

Element in

• ᴺS. goras “advice”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√GOR > gor-	[ɣor-] > [or-] > [gor-]	✧ VT41/11

Variations

• gor- ✧ VT41/13

bo

preposition. on

erin

preposition. on the

am

adverb. up, up, [G.] upwards, towards head of, above

Cognates

• Q. amba “up(wards)”

Derivations

• √AM “go up, go up, [ᴹ√] up”

Element in

• S. amdir “hope [based on reason], (lit.) looking up, hope [based on reason], *expectation, (lit.) looking up” ✧ MR/320
• S. Amlaith
• S. amloth “helm crest, (orig.) uprising flower”
• ᴺS. amor “morning, early day”
• S. Amras “Top-russet”
• S. Amrod “*High and Lofty”
• S. Amroth “Up-climber, High Climber”
• S. amrûn “sunrise, east, (lit.) of the uprising”

Variations

• Am ✧ MR/320 (Am)

or

over

(adjectival prefix) or- (above, high)

or

over

(above, high)

or

on

(prep.) 1) or (above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin. 2)

or

on

(above), with article erin ”on the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salo’s reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

above

(adj. pref.) or- (over, high)

or

above

(prep.) or (om), with article erin ”above the” (followed by ”mixed mutation” according to David Salos reconstructions). Erin represents archaic örin.

or

above

(over, high)

thar

over

(adverbial prefix) thar- (across, athwart, beyond)

thar

over

(across, athwart, beyond)

po

on

po (lenited bo) (VT44:23)

po

on

(lenited bo) (VT44:23)

hor-

verb. to warn, urge

Cognates

• Q. ora- “to warn, urge, feel an urge/wish/desire” ✧ VT41/13; VT41/15

Derivations

• √GOR “deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move, deep, profound; warn, counsel; urge, impel, move; [ᴹ√] impetus, haste, violence” ✧ VT41/11; VT41/15

Variations

• or- ✧ VT41/13
• hŏra ✧ VT41/15

-nud Reconstructed

preposition. on

A preposition attested only in the phrase “on us” in the Lament of Akallabêth, changing through the drafts as nēnum >> nēnu >> nēnud (SD/247, 312). Most authors identify -nud as the prepositional element (AAD/20, LGtAG, NBA/14), perhaps related to Q. nu “under”. If so, it may be a derivative of the Elvish roots √NŪ/UNU “under” or √NDU “down”, with a semantic shift to the meaning “on”.

Cognates

• Q. nu “under, beneath”

Derivations

• √NDU “down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, down, under, below; sink, descend, go down, [ᴹ√] set (of Sun)”

Element in

• Ad. agannâlô burôda nênud “[the] death-shadow [is] heavy on us” ✧ SD/247; SD/312
• Ad. agannūlo burudan nēnum “death-shade heavy-is on-us” ✧ SD/312
• Ad. zâira nênud “longing (is) on us” ✧ SD/247

Variations

• -num ✧ SD/312
• -nu ✧ SD/312

orya-

verb. to rise

Derivations

• √RŌ/ORO “up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising” ✧ PE22/134

Derivatives

• Q. orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/157

Variations

• or-ja ✧ PE22/134
• orj-a ✧ PE22/135

oro

root. up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount

orlā

preposition. over

Derivatives

• Q. olla “over [beyond]” ✧ PE17/065

Variations

• or-lā ✧ PE17/065 (or-lā)

rō/oro

root. up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount, up(wards); rise (up), go high, mount; [ᴹ√] high, [ᴱ√] steepness, rising

This invertible root had a long history in Tolkien’s writings. Its earliest iteration was in a pair of roots in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s: ᴱ√OŘO [OÐO] with derivatives having to do with the “dawn”, and ᴱ√ORO “steepness, rising” with which it was much confused (QL/70). The latter had derivatives like ᴱQ. orme “summit, crest, hilltop” and ᴱQ. orto- “raise” (QL/70), and Tolkien mentioned an inverted variant ᴱ√RŌ or ᴱ√ROHO with derivatives like ᴱQ. róna- “arise, rise, ascend” (QL/80). The contemporaneous Gnomish Lexicon also gave it as in an invertible root ᴱ√rō-, oro with derivatives like G. oros “rising” and G. ront “high, steep” (GL/63, 66).

The root reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√ORO “up, rise, high” and ᴹ√RŌ “rise” (Ety/ORO, RŌ). The root was mentioned very frequently in his writings from the 1930s, 40s, 50s and 60s, generally glossed “rise” or “up(wards)”. Thus the root was very well established in Tolkien’s mind.

Derivatives

• ✶ōre “arising”
• ✶ornā “uprising, tall” ✧ PE17/112
  • Q. orwa “high, lofty”
• ✶ornē “(straight) tree” ✧ Let/426
  • Q. ornë “(tall) tree, (tall) tree, [ᴹQ.] high isolated tree” ✧ Let/426
  • S. eryn “wood, forest (of trees)” ✧ PE17/033; PE17/119
  • S. orn “(tall straight) tree” ✧ Let/426; NM/349; UT/266
• ✶orta- “to rise, ascend” ✧ PE18/106; PE22/134
• ✶ortā- “to raise” ✧ PE18/089; PE18/106
  • Q. orta- “to raise, cause to rise, lift (up)” ✧ PE22/159
• ✶orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/134
  • Q. orya- “to rise” ✧ PE22/157
• ᴺQ. oricon “heather”
• Q. oro “mount, mountain, hill” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺQ. orosta “ascension”
• ᴺQ. orsa “upper, above”
• Q. orta- “to raise, cause to rise, lift (up)” ✧ Let/426; PE17/063; PE22/156
• Q. orta- “to rise” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. orto “mount, mountain, hill, [ᴹQ.] mountain-top; [Q.] mount, mountain” ✧ PE17/063
• Q. orya- “to rise” ✧ PE17/063; PE22/156; PE22/163
• S. orod “mountain” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺS. orth “upper”

Element in

• ✶orta- “to rise, ascend” ✧ PE22/129
• √(S)RŌ “east”
• Q. oromar “lofty hall, high-mansion, high (lofty) dwelling” ✧ PE17/063
• ᴺQ. oroparmen “high school, university”
• ᴺQ. orpano “ridgepole”
• Q. rómen “east, uprising, sunrise” ✧ PE17/063

Variations

• OR/RO ✧ Let/426; NM/176; PE22/134
• OR/ORO ✧ PE17/063
• RŌ ✧ PE17/063; PE17/182
• OR/RŌ ✧ PE17/064; PE17/112; PE22/133
• OR/ORO/RŌ ✧ PE17/171
• or/ro ✧ PE18/088; VT48/25
• OR ✧ PE18/089; PE18/106; PE22/129; PE22/156; VT41/11; VT48/31 (OR)
• oro/ro ✧ PE22/163
• or- ✧ VT41/13

or-

prefix. above, over

or

preposition. above, over

or

preposition. above, above; [G.] onto, on top, on

Cognates

• Q. or “above, above, [ᴱQ.] upon; on”

Derivations

• ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• S. orchal “tall, tall; [N.] superior, eminent, lofty”
• N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/ORO
• N. Orfalas
• S. Orfalch Echor “*High Cleft of the Outer Circle”
• N. orthel- “to roof, screen above”
• ᴺS. orvel- “to favour, *(lit.) love above”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√ORO > or	[oro] > [or]	✧ Ety/ORO

hortha-

verb. to urge on, speed

eria-

verb. to rise

Changes

• oria → erio ✧ Ety/ORO

Cognates

• ᴹQ. orta- “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO

Derivations

• On. or- “to rise” ✧ Ety/ORO
  • ᴹ√RŌ/ORO “rise, up, high” ✧ Ety/ORO

Element in

• ᴺS. eriad “rising”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. orie > erio	[oria-] > [œria-] > [eria-]	✧ Ety/ORO

Variations

• oria ✧ EtyAC/ORO (oria)

am

preposition. up, upwards, upon

am

adverb. up

Cognates

• ᴹQ. amba “up(wards)” ✧ Ety/AM²

Derivations

• ᴹ√AM “up” ✧ Ety/AM²

Element in

• N. amben “uphill, uphill; [ᴱN.] arduous, difficult, tiresome” ✧ Ety/AM²
• N. Amroth
• N. Ammalas
• N. amrûn “uprising, sunrise, Orient, east” ✧ Ety/AM²; PE22/035

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√AM² > am	[amba] > [amb] > [amb] > [amm] > [am]	✧ Ety/AM²

Variations

• amb ✧ PE22/035 (amb)