tyulma

mast

tyulma noun "mast" _(TYUL, SD:419). "_Qenya" pl. tyulmin "masts" in MC:216; read *tyulmar in LotR-style Quenya.

tyulma

noun. mast

Cognates

• ᴺS. tolf “mast”

Derivations

• ✶kyulmā “mast”
  • ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight), stand up (straight); [ᴱ√] tall”

Element in

• Q. cirya tyulma “a ship-mast, ship’s mast, mast of an unspecified ship or any ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. i tyulma ciryava “the mast of the ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. tyulma ciryo “the mast from some ship, of some ship” ✧ PE21/80
• Q. tyulma i ciryo “the mast of the ship” ✧ PE21/80

masta

noun. bread

massa

bread

#massa noun "bread" (massamma "our bread", VT43:18); massánië "breadgiver", used as a title of the highest woman among any Elvish people, since she had the keeping and gift of the coimas (lembas). Also simply translated "Lady" (PM:404)

massa

noun. bread

A word for “bread” appearing as massa (VT43/12) or massë (PE17/52) in Tolkien’s later writings, most notably as an element in Q. massánië “breadgiver” (PM/404). It was in competition with, and possibly replaced, the word masta “bread”. The distinction between the two was discussed in notes from 1960s (PE17/52):

> Assume a Primitive Eldarin derivation ✱mbassē “(baked) bread”. The other derivatives were ✱mbasta with short final, an infinitive or verbal noun formation denoting a single action of the stem .. and ✱mbazdā denoting the passive result of the action, and when used substantivally a single product of this: mbazda would thus mean baked or a baked thing ... In Quenya we have masse “bread” as a material, and masta “a cake or loaf” (zd > st).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya I prefer to use massa as the typical word for “bread” rather than massë, to avoid conflict with other words like [ᴹQ.] masse “where”. I would also use masta as a more general word for baked goods, including bread but also other baked things like cakes and loafs.

Cognates

• S. bas(t) “bread”

Derivations

• ✶mbassē “(baked) bread” ✧ PE17/052
  • √MBAS “bake, bake, [ᴱ√] cook; [ᴹ√] knead” ✧ PE17/051

Element in

• Q. ámen anta síra ilaurëa massamma “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT43/18
• Q. coimas “life-bread, lembas”
• Q. massánië “Lady, breadgiver”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶mbassē > masse	[mbassē] > [massē] > [masse]	✧ PE17/052

Variations

• masse ✧ PE17/052

massë

bread

massë noun "bread" (as a material), variant of massa, q.v. (PE17:52). Notice that *massë has also been extrapolated as a question-word "where?"

massë

noun. bread

maita-

verb. feed

feed

ferna

mast, beechnuts

ferna noun "mast, beechnuts" (PHER/PHÉREN)

bas(t)

noun. bread

This was the word for “bread” in Sindarin and its conceptual precursors for much of Tolkien’s life, derived from the equally long-lived root √MBAS “bake”. The word dates all the way back to the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s where G. bast “bread” was derived from the early root ᴱ√M(B)ASA “cook, bake” (GL/22). ᴱN. bast “bread” reappeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/138) and appeared again as N. bast “bread” in The Etymologies of the 1930s under the root ᴹ√MBAS “knead” (Ety/MBAS).

It appeared without a final t in the Sindarin version of the Lord’s Prayer from the 1950s: anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” (VT44/21). However the t was restored in the phrase penim vast “we have no bread” from around 1959 (PE17/144). The late vacillations on the presence and absence of t are likely connected to Tolkien challenges with the derivation of lembas; see that entry for discussion. Likewise, the mutated forms mbas vs. vast indicate some late uncertainty on whether the primitive form began with mb- or b-.

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would assume the normal form was bast “bread” from ancient mbasta, so that lenited forms show mb-.

Cognates

• Q. massa “bread”
• Q. masta “bread, cake, loaf, bread, cake, loaf, *baked good”

Derivations

• √MBAS “bake, bake, [ᴱ√] cook; [ᴹ√] knead”

Element in

• S. anno ammen sír i mbas ilaurui vín “give us this day our daily bread” ✧ VT44/27
• S. lembas “waybread, journey-bread”
• ᴺS. losbas “ryebread”
• S. penim vast “we have no bread” ✧ PE17/144

lembas

noun. journey bread made by the Elves

bass

noun. bread

In the Etymologies, the word for "bread" is given as bast , Quenya masta, but it seems that Tolkien later changed his mind and updated the word to bass, as shown in Quenya massánie, Sindarin besain, besoneth "bread-giver", and in the mutated form (i)mbas (apparently prefixed with the article). These latter Sindarin forms are however dubious, as we would rather have expected bessain (as a regular cognate of Quenya massánie) and bassoneth (without i-affection), and possibly a different mutation pattern after the article

bassoneth

noun. bread-giver

See bass for a discussion regarding this word

besoneth

noun. bread-giver

See bass for a discussion regarding this word

besain

noun. bread-giver

See bass for a discussion regarding this word

bessain

noun. bread-giver

See bass for a discussion regarding this word

fêr

mast

(of a beech, not on a ship) †fêr (feren-, pl. ferin) (beech)

fêr

mast

(feren-, pl. ferin) (beech)

mast

noun. fodder, feed, food, nourishment

Derivations

• √MAT “eat”

tolf

noun. mast

@@@ Discord 2022-03-27

Cognates

• Q. tyulma “mast”

Elements

Word	Gloss
tyulmā	“mast”

lembas

way-bread, journey-bread

pl. lembais.

bass

bread

bass (i mass, o mbass, construct bas), pl. bais (i mbais). The sg. form with article "imbas" in VT44:23 may be seen as archaic Sindarin, for later *i mas(s) as suggested here. In ”Noldorin”, the word for "bread" was bast (LR:372 s.v. MBAS), but otherwise it would have the same mutations.

bass

bread

(i mass, o mbass, construct bas), pl. bais (i mbais). The sg. form with article "imbas" in VT44:23 may be seen as archaic Sindarin, for later ✱i mas(s) as suggested here. – In ”Noldorin”, the word for "bread" was bast (LR:372 s.v. MBAS), but otherwise it would have the same mutations.

sulum

noun. mast

A noun translated “mast” illustrating the development of Primitive Adûnaic palatals, or c-series (SD/419). This example may also be related to the draft (?Adûnaic) name for the Pillar of Heaven Meneltyūlā, which contains a word much like the cognate of sulum: Q. tyulma.

Cognates

• ᴹQ. tyulma “mast” ✧ SD/419

Derivations

• ᴹ✶tyulmā “mast” ✧ SD/419
  • ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight), stand up (straight); [ᴱ√] tall” ✧ Ety/TYUL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ✶kyulumā > sulum	[culum] > [sulum]	✧ SD/419

kyulmā

noun. mast

Derivations

• ᴹ√TYUL “stand up (straight), stand up (straight); [ᴱ√] tall”

Derivatives

• Q. tyulma “mast”

Element in

• ✶kiryā kyulmā “a ship’s mast” ✧ PE21/74

Variations

• kjulmā ✧ PE21/74

matjā-

verb. feed

bast

noun. bread

bast

noun. bread

Cognates

• ᴹQ. masta “bread” ✧ Ety/MBAS

Derivations

• ᴹ√M(B)AS “knead” ✧ Ety/KOR; Ety/MBAS

Element in

• Ilk. basgorn “round bread” ✧ Ety/KOR
• N. basgorn “loaf, loaf, [G.] loaf of bread, [ᴱN.] round loaf, cake” ✧ Ety/MBAS

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√MBAS > bast	[mbasta] > [basta] > [bast]	✧ Ety/MBAS

breth

noun. mast, *fallen nuts or acorns

A word in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “mast” (EtyAC/NEL) related to Ilk. breth “beech-mast”, both derived from the root ᴹ√BERETH “beech” (Ety/BERETH). This word may be the same in both Noldorin and Ilkorin given N. Brethil and N. Brethorn (Ety/NEL; EtyAC/NEL). While breth conceivably could refer to the mast of a ship, it more likely refers to the fallen nuts and acorns of beech, oak and chestnut trees used in ancient times to feed pigs, so “✱fallen nuts or acorns”, one of the senses of the Old English word “mæst”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. delmos “beech nuts, mast” likewise related to G. deldron “beech” (GL/30); the second element in this Gnomish word might be G. môs “food”. G. delmos also appeared (unglossed) in the Gnomish Lexicon Slip (PE13/112).

Cognates

• Ilk. breth “(beech) mast, *beech nut”

Derivations

• ᴹ√BERETH “beech” ✧ Ety/NEL

Element in

• N. Brethorn “Forest of Brethil” ✧ EtyAC/NEL

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√BERÉTH > breth	[berétʰā] > [bretʰā] > [bretʰa] > [breθa] > [breθ]	✧ Ety/NEL