amu- vb. "raise" (LT2:335; LotR-style Quenya has orta-)
Quenya
hala
(small) fish
amu-
raise
orta
verb. raise
orta-
verb. raise
raise
orto-
raise
orto- vb. "raise" (LT1:256; in Tolkien's later Quenya orta-)
Sindarin
ortha
raise
ortha- (i ortha, in orthar);
ortha
raise
(i ortha, in orthar);
orthad
raising
(MR:373)
Primitive elvish
khal
root. raise; lift up or extend upwards, raise; lift up or extend upwards, [ᴹ√] uplift, erect, lift from ground, (make) stand up
This root was the basis for the word Q. halla “tall” (PE17/184), and appeared as ᴹ√KHAL as far back as The Etymologies of the 1930s where it was glossed “uplift” (Ety/KHAL). The root also appeared in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s (PE22/103), and in this document was given the gloss “to erect, lift from ground, (make) stand up”, though that particular section was rejected (PE22/127 note #152). The root appeared again in etymological notes probably from the mid-1960s, where it had the gloss “raise; lift up or extend upwards” (PE17/184).
Derivatives
- Q. halla “tall” ✧ PE17/184
Noldorin
ortha-
verb. to raise
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
Qenya
hala
noun. (small) fish
A noun for “fish” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from primitive ᴹ✶skala under the root ᴹ√SKAL “small fish” (Ety/SKAL²). This replaced an earlier derivation from ᴹ✶khala under the deleted entry for the root ᴹ√KHAL “(small) fish” (Ety/KHAL¹).
Cognates
- N. hâl “fish” ✧ EtyAC/KHAL¹
Derivations
Element in
- ᴹQ. halatir(no) “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher” ✧ Ety/KHAL¹ (
halatir); Ety/SKAL²Phonetic Developments
Development Stages Sources ᴹ√KHAL¹ > hala [kʰala] > [xala] > [hala] ✧ Ety/KHAL¹ ᴹ√SKAL² > hala [skala] > [xala] > [hala] ✧ Ety/SKAL² ᴹ✶khala > hala [kʰala] > [xala] > [hala] ✧ EtyAC/KHAL¹
Middle Primitive Elvish
khal
root. (small) fish
khal
root. uplift, erect, lift from ground, (make) stand up
Derivatives
Element in
- N. Haleth ✧ Ety/KHAL² (
Haleth)- N. Haldir “Hidden Hero” ✧ Ety/KHAL² (
Halmir)- N. orchal “superior, eminent, lofty” ✧ Ety/ORO
- N. Orchelanath ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H) (
Orchallamath)Variations
- KHAL ✧ EtyAC/MBAT(H) (
KHAL); PE22/103; PE22/127 (KHAL)
kham
root. call to, summon, name by name
A root that was a later entry in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “call to, summon, name by name” and having rejected variants ᴹ√KHAL², ᴹ√KYAM and ᴹ√KHEM. Tolkien’s introduction of this root seems to have caused him to restore ᴹ√KHAD over ᴹ√KHAM “sit”; see the entry on √KHAD for further discussion. Meanwhile, ᴹ√KHAM² was probably introduced to explain ᴹQ. nahamna “summoned” in the version of the Lament of Atalante from the 1930s (LR/47). The phrase where it appeared underwent quite a few changes thereafter, ultimately becoming ar Sauron túle nukumna Númenórenna “and Sauron came humbled [to Númenor]” by the 1940s, so the future status of ᴹ√KHAM² “summon” is unclear.
It is a useful root for purposes of Neo-Eldarin, however, and I think it is worth retaining.
Derivatives
Variations
- KHAL² ✧ EtyAC/KHAM (
KHAL²)- KYAM ✧ EtyAC/KHAM (
KYAM)- KHEM ✧ EtyAC/KHAM (
KHEM)
khol
root. (small) fish
skal
root. small fish
A root in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “small fish” with derivatives like ᴹQ. hala of the same meaning and ᴹQ. halatir(no)/N. heledir “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher” (Ety/SKAL²). Elsewhere in The Etymologies Tolkien had ᴹ√KHAL¹ “(small) fish” (Ety/KHAL¹), but there the root was revised to ᴹ√KHOL before the entry was deleted with reference to ᴹ√SKAL (Ety/KHAL¹). TThis primitive khal-form for “fish” also appeared as a note on the title page of The Etymologies (EtyAC/KHAL¹).
Changes
KHAL¹→ KHOL “(small) fish” ✧ Ety/KHAL¹KHOL→ SKAL “(small) fish” ✧ Ety/KHAL¹Derivatives
- ᴹ✶skala “fish” ✧ EtyAC/KHAL¹
- ᴹQ. hala “(small) fish” ✧ Ety/KHAL¹; Ety/SKAL²
- N. heledir(n) “kingsfisher, (lit.) fish-watcher” ✧ Ety/KHAL¹; Ety/SKAL²
Variations
- KHAL¹ ✧ Ety/KHAL¹ (
KHAL¹)- KHOL ✧ Ety/KHAL¹ (
KHOL)- SKAL ✧ Ety/KHAL¹
- KHAL ✧ EtyAC/KHAL¹
hala (1) noun "(small) fish" (KHAL1, SKAL2, VT45:20)