caras

noun. lettuce

caras

noun. circular earthwall with dike

caras

noun. city (built above ground)

caras

noun. built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulkwarks

_ n. _built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulkwarks. Q. carasse. >> Caras Galadon

caras

noun. city, fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks, circular earthwall with dike, city, [N.] city (built above ground); [S.] (orig.) fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks, circular earthwall with dike

An element in the name Caras Galadhon “City of the Trees” (LotR/353, 355), adapted from Silvan Elvish: Caras Galadon (PE17/60). Tolkien said the proper meaning of this word was “a built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks” (PE17/84) or a “circular earthwall with dike” (RC/311), derived from the root √CAR “make, build” (PE17/84). In The Etymologies of the 1930s, N. caras was glossed “a city (built above ground)” under the root ᴹ√KAR “make, do” (Ety/KAR).

Neo-Sindarin: For purposes of Neo-Sindarin, I would use this word principally in the sense “city”, and would assume its meaning “earthwall, bulwark” was archaic.

Cognates

• Q. carasse “built fort or dwelling surrounded by bulwarks” ✧ PE17/084

Derivations

• √KAR “do, make, build, do, make, build, [ᴹ√] construct” ✧ PE17/084

Element in

• S. Caras Galadhon “City of the Trees” ✧ RC/311
• S. Caras i-Ngelaidh “City of the Trees” ✧ PE17/060

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√CAR > Caras	[karasse] > [karass] > [karas]	✧ PE17/084

Variations

• Caras ✧ PE17/060; PE17/084

caras

caras

It comes from PQ *karasse, Root KAR

caras

noun. a moated fort

Cognates

• Q. caraxë “*jagged hedge of spikes, [ᴹQ.] jagged hedge of spikes, [ᴱQ.] row of spikes or teeth” ✧ NM/351

Element in

• S. Caras Galadhon “City of the Trees” ✧ NM/351

Variations

• Caras ✧ UT/257

caras

noun. moated fortress

      caras "moated fortress" (UT:257), probably to be compared to Sindarin ("Noldorin") _caras_ "a city (built above ground)", derived from the stem _KAR_ "make, do" (LR:362); the basic meaning may be simply "something made, construction" (compare Quenya car "building, house"). Extensions involving a suffixed stem-vowel and a final _-s_ are attested; cf. for instance _SPAL_ and its extended form _SPALAS_ (LR:387). Hence, _KAR_ could easily have a longer form *_KARAS_. Sindarin caras evidently includes the Grey-elven derivative ending [[-as]], though ([[-as]] is basically used to derive verbal nouns, like English_ -ing_, but these may often take on a more concrete meaning; _car-as_ can probably be compared to English build-ing); the Nandorin ending may be related to the Sindarin one. Yet another possibility would be equating this ending [[-as]] with the collective ending seen in [[Danas]], q.v., and assume that [[car]] means something like "house" (as in Quenya); hence [[caras]] = "group of houses, village", later taking on the meaning "moated fortress" if the Nandor used to surround their villages with moats.

caras

noun. circular earthwall with dike

caras

noun. city (built above ground)

caras

noun. a city (built above ground)

Derivations

• ᴹ√KAR “make, build, construct” ✧ Ety/KAR

Element in

• N. Caras Galadon

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KAR > caras	[karassa] > [karass] > [karas]	✧ Ety/KAR