Quenya 

yulma

cup

yulma (1) noun "cup" (Nam, RGEO:67), "drinking-vessel" (WJ:416, PE17:180). The plural form yulmar is attested (VT48:11). Yulmaya ("k") colloquial Quenya for "his cup" (the formally correct form being *yulmarya) (VT49:17)

yulma

brand

yulma (2) noun "brand" (YUL). May have been obsoleted by # 1 above.

yulma

noun. cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet

A word for “cup” in the Namárië “poem” (LotR/377). Elsewhere Tolkien specified it was a more general term for a “drinking vessel” or “drinking implement”, a derivative of ✶yulmā = √YUL + ✶-mā and hence more literally “a thing used in drinking” (PE17/63, 68, 135; WJ/416).

Cognates

  • S. ylf “drinking-vessel, *cup” ✧ WJ/416

Derivations

  • ✶yulmā “drinking-vessel” ✧ WJ/416
    • √YUL “drink”
  • √YUL “drink” ✧ PE17/063

Element in

Elements

WordGloss
yul-“to drink”
-ma“instrumental”

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
√YUL > yulma[julma]✧ PE17/063
✶julmā > yulma[julmā] > [julma]✧ WJ/416

Variations

  • yúlma ✧ RGEO/58
Quenya [LotR/0377; Minor-Doc/2013-05-13; PE17/063; PE17/068; PE17/135; PE17/180; PE21/76; PE22/161; RGEO/58; RGEO/59; VT21/06; VT49/17; WJ/416] Group: Eldamo. Published by

cilinyul

drinking-vessel

cilinyul noun "drinking-vessel" (made of glass) (PE17:37)

sungwa

drinking-vessel

sungwa noun "drinking-vessel" (SUK)

Sindarin 

ylf

noun. brand

The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

Sindarin [Ety/400, X/IU] Group: SINDICT. Published by

ylf

brand

*ylf (no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ylvath). (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” iolf.) A homophone means ”drinking vessel”.

ylf

brand

(no distinct pl. form; coll. pl. ylvath). (Suggested Sindarin form of ”Noldorin” iolf.) A homophone means ”drinking vessel”.

Primitive elvish

yulmā

noun. drinking-vessel

Derivations

  • √YUL “drink”

Derivatives

  • Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel, drinking implement, goblet” ✧ WJ/416
  • S. ylf “drinking-vessel, *cup” ✧ WJ/416

Variations

  • julmā ✧ WJ/416
Primitive elvish [WJ/416] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Noldorin 

iolf

noun. brand

The word is classed as Old Noldorin (ON) in the Etymologies, but rather seems to be Noldorin

Noldorin [Ety/400, X/IU] Group: SINDICT. Published by

iolf

noun. brand

A noun for “brand” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√YUL “smoulder” (Ety/YUL). The form iolv was written next to it, probably indicating pronunciation (EtyAC/YUL). It was marked ON. but should probably be N. as suggested by Hostetter and Wynne (EtyAC/YUL).

Neo-Quenya: This word would become ✱ylf if adapted directly to Neo-Sindarin, but that conflicts with S. ylf “drinking-vessel” (WJ/416). For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I would adapt the root ᴹ√YUL “smoulder” as the Neo-Root ᴺ√YOL, which would allow the retention of this Noldorin word unchanged since it could be derived from ✱yolmā instead.

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. yulma “brand” ✧ Ety/YUL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√YUL “smoulder” ✧ Ety/YUL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YUL > iolf[julma] > [jolma] > [jolm] > [jolv]✧ Ety/YUL

Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!

Qenya 

yulma

noun. brand

A noun for “brand” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from the root ᴹ√YUL “smoulder” (Ety/YUL; EtyAC/YUL). It conflicts with the later word Q. yulma “cup”.

Cognates

  • N. iolf “brand” ✧ Ety/YUL

Derivations

  • ᴹ√YUL “smoulder” ✧ Ety/YUL

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ√YUL > yulma[julma]✧ Ety/YUL

sungwa

noun. drinking-vessel

A noun for “drinking-vessel” in The Etymologies of the 1930s derived from ᴹ✶sukmā under the root ᴹ√SUK “drink” (Ety/SUK).

Neo-Quenya: For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I’d stick to later Q. yulma “cup, drinking vessel” to avoid dealing with changes to the phonetic rules whereby km > gm > ngw that Tolkien made in the 1950s.

Cognates

  • Ilk. saum “drinking-vessel” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶sukmā “drinking-vessel” ✧ Ety/SUK
    • ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶sukmā > sungwa[sukmā] > [sugmā] > [suŋmā] > [suŋgwā] > [suŋgwa]✧ Ety/SUK

Doriathrin

saum

noun. drinking-vessel

A noun meaning “drinking-vessel” derived from primitive ᴹ✶sukmā (Ety/SUK). This word went through a number of phonetic changes:

  • [[ilk|the [k] became [g] before the nasal [m]]]

  • [[ilk|the [u] shifted to [o] before the final [a]]]

  • [[ilk|the [g] vocalized to [u] before the nasal [m] producing the diphthong [ou]]]

  • [[ilk|the resulting diphthong [ou] became [au]]]

Helge Fauskanger originally suggested these developments (AL-Ilkorin/saum).

Cognates

  • ᴹQ. sungwa “drinking-vessel” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivations

  • ᴹ✶sukmā “drinking-vessel” ✧ Ety/SUK
    • ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Phonetic Developments

DevelopmentStagesSources
ᴹ✶sukmā > saum[sukmā] > [sukma] > [sugma] > [sogma] > [souma] > [soum] > [saum]✧ Ety/SUK
Doriathrin [Ety/SUK] Group: Eldamo. Published by

Middle Primitive Elvish

sukmā

noun. drinking-vessel

Derivations

  • ᴹ√SUK “drink, drain” ✧ Ety/SUK

Derivatives

  • Ilk. saum “drinking-vessel” ✧ Ety/SUK
  • ᴹQ. sungwa “drinking-vessel” ✧ Ety/SUK
Middle Primitive Elvish [Ety/SUK] Group: Eldamo. Published by