mal

adverb. better, best

malko

proper name. Malko

A word used as “the vocative used to address a Valu [male Vala]” in a deleted note in the Qenya Lexicon from the 1910s (QL/40). Its intended etymology is unclear.

mal-

verb. to crush, squeeze

The verb ᴱQ. mal- “to crush” and mala- “crush, squeeze” appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√MALA (QL/58, 63). Tolkien also had a distinct but related verb ᴱQ. mala- “hurt, pain” from a related root ᴱ√MBALA (QL/58, 63).

Neo-Quenya: In The Etymologies of the 1930s, Tolkien had a root ᴹ√MBAL which was the basis for the word ᴹQ. malle “street”, which in the 1910s was derived from ᴱ√MALA “crush”. On this foundation, I would retain ᴺQ. mal- “to crush, squeeze”. For purposes of Neo-Quenya, I would further assume that this verb can also mean “to hurt, pain (cause pain to)” as an extended meaning, usable metaphorically for both physical and emotional hurt; Helge Fauskanger used mal- for “hurt” in his NQNT (NQNT).

malo

noun. moth

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. malo “moth” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from primitive ᴱ✶[mal]wǝ under the early root ᴱ√MALA “crush, squeeze, pulp” (QL/58). It had a plural malwi, and in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa it was given the stem form of malu-.

Neo-Quenya: This word conflicts with later words like ᴹQ. malo (malu-) “pollen, yellow powder” (Ety/SMAL) or “rust” (PE21/12; PE15/77), making its continued validity as “moth” rather questionable. However, the only other attested Elvish “moth” word is G. fufril of unclear etymology (GL/36), making it very challenging to adapt to Neo-Quenya. Thus I currently recommend retaining ᴺQ. malo for “moth”, as a derivative of the later root ᴹ√MBAL, but altering its stem form to malo- (< ✱mbalō) to make it more distinct from the “pollen, rust” words.

malikon

noun. amber

A word appearing as ᴱQ. malikon (malikond-) “amber” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s based on the early root ᴱ√MALA “yellow” (QL/58; PME/58). Its second element is probably ᴱQ. on(d) “stone” (QL/70). It also had an adjectival form ᴱQ. malikondea “of amber”.

Neo-Quenya: In Tolkien’s later writings, the root √MAL was tied to “gold”, but I think it could still be the basis for ᴺQ. malicon “amber” and ᴺQ. malicondëa “of amber”.

mald-

verb. to pound, crush

This verb appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ᴱQ. mald- and mild-, both meaning “pound” and derived from the early root ᴱ√MLŘL [MḶÐḶ] (QL/62). Elsewhere in the document Tolkien said the verb mildi- meant “crush, pound” (QL/63).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain this verb as ᴺQ. malda- “to pound”, but update its derivation to be from the later root ᴹ√MBAL (Ety/MBAL).

malkamekte

masculine name. *Heart of Evil

Qenya cognate of Balcmeg in an early name list (PE13/105), a combination of malka “hurtful” and mekte “heart”.

malle

noun. street, road

malkarauke

proper name. Balrogs, fire-demons, balrogs, fire demon, Melko’s demons

ma

preposition. *by

mala-

verb. to be able to (used of capacity, ability)

mala-

verb. to hurt, pain

malaqa

adjective. soft, yielding, tender (of meat, substances, etc.)

malasta

adjective. tender

malda

adjective. better, best

maldor

noun. agony

malina

adjective. yellow

malka

adjective. giving pain, hurtful

malkane

noun. torture

malkasta

noun. lordship, province

malke

adjective. rich

An adjective for “rich” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MḶKḶ “possess” (QL/62).

malko

noun. lord, sir

malkuvoite

adjective. lordly, noble

malo

noun. rust

malto ísier i nosta - qarda

*by those from whom this birth was known - less

malwa

adjective. pale, yellowish

malda

adjective. tender

malda la munta

better than nothing

malda muntar

better than nothing

malenka

adjective. left handed

malikondea

adjective. of amber

malin(d)

adjective. yellow

malkor

noun. castle

malt

noun. sword, broadsword

makil

noun. sword, broadsword

(a)malda

adjective. tender, soft, kind, gentle

malu-

verb. to devour

ettanu

noun. male cousin

A noun for a male cousin in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants ettani, ettaréro, and ettarendo, masculinized forms of ᴱQ. etta (QL/36), the last two of which incorporate ᴱQ. réro or rendo “kinsman, cousin” (QL/79).

via

adjective. male

An adjective in Early Qenya Word-lists of the 1920s glossed “male”, likely related to ᴱQ. vie “teors” [= “✱penis”] (PE16/135).

valon

noun. male god

anuvoite

adjective. male, masculine

ninqeru

noun. male personified form of white

valmo

noun. male god

wenga

adjective. *male

A Quenya word (adjective?) in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as a cognate G. gweg “man, male of the Elda” (GL/44), perhaps meaning “✱male”.

wie

noun. *man, male of the Elda

navillo

noun. whisper, hint, suspicion, rumour, malicious comment, innuendo

nerevoite

adjective. manly, male

yondo

noun. son, male descendant, (great) grandson

mára

adjective. mighty, power[ful], doughty; good, excellent, useful (of things)

kulu

noun. gold

milk(i)-

verb. to possess, have, keep

A verb appearing as milk- “have, keep, possess” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√MḶKḶ (QL/62). It also appeared as milki- “possess” in a list of m-roots (QL/63).

má

noun. hand

málos

noun. forest

A noun in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as the cognate of G. goloth “forest”, derived from primitive ᴱ✶ŋgua-aloþ- (GL/41). This is likely a combination of ᴱ✶ŋu̯a “together” and some elaboration of the root ᴱ√ALA “spread”, the basis of “tree” words, so probably originally “✱together spread(ing)” or something to that effect.

súme

?. [unglossed]

yó

noun. son

alle

?. [unglossed]

anaukante

?. [unglossed]

angwe

?. [unglossed]

anwe

?. [unglossed]

aukaine

?. [unglossed]

aute

adjective. rich

An adjective for “rich” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√AW̯A (QL/33). The same root also had ᴱQ. avarna “very rich”, but this form was deleted.

eant

?. [unglossed]

ekte

noun. sword

ematte

?. [unglossed]

fan

noun. dog

fingwe

?. [unglossed]

fion

noun. son

A word glossed {“nephew” >>} “son” in an isolated entry of the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with stem form fiond- (QL/37). The same word appeared unglossed under the early root ᴱ√SUẈU where it was derived from primitive ᴱ✶þẉ-iı̯on-d (QL/87).

herendo

noun. brother

A word for “brother” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with numerous variants: herendo or herēro, hestaner, and hesta(noi)nu, all based on the early root ᴱ√HESE that was the basis for “brother” and “sister” words (QL/40). Of these Tolkien said herendo/herēro was the “ordinary word”, and herendo appeared in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/40).

heru

noun. lord

heréro

noun. brother

hestaner

noun. brother

hestanoinu

noun. brother

hestanu

noun. brother

hilmo

noun. son

hilu

noun. son

A word for “son” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s with variants hilu and hilmo under the early root ᴱ√HILI (QL/40), both variants also appearing in the Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa (PME/40).

hingwe

?. [unglossed]

huan

noun. dog

@@@ reflects older sw- > hu-

hyanta

?. [unglossed]

hére

noun. lordship

intya

?. [unglossed]

ion

noun. son

In the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, ᴱQ. Ion was the “mystic name of God, 2nd Person of Blessed Trinity”, that is the “Son” in the “Father, Son, Holy Ghost” trinity (QL/43). In that document yon or yond- was given in a couple of places as (archaic?) words for “son” (QL/43, 106). In Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s, Tolkien gave ion as the equivalent of ᴱN. gó “son”, along with a plural form yondi (PE13/113). However, in the English-Qenya Dictionary Tolkien said yondi was an irregular plural form of ᴱQ. yondo “son” (PE15/77), and this is the form he typically used in later writings.

ka

?. [unglossed]

kulmarin

noun. orange

kuluina

adjective. golden

kuluksa

adjective. golden

kululta

adjective. of gold

An adjective for “of gold” or “gold” in the Qenya Lexicon and Poetic and Mythological Words of Eldarissa of the 1910s, an elaboration of ᴱQ. kulu “gold” based on the early root ᴱ√KULU of the same meaning (QL/49; PME/49).

kuluva

adjective. of gold

An adjective for “of gold” in the Qenya Lexicon, an elaboration of ᴱQ. kulu “gold” based on the early root ᴱ√KULU of the same meaning (QL/49).

kuluvoite

adjective. golden

laisifalle

noun. [unglossed]

laiwa

adjective. pale

las

noun. [unglossed]

laurea

adjective. golden

laurina

adjective. golden

lilyen

?. [unglossed]

linqarassea

adjective. [unglossed]

lossiattea

?. [unglossed]

lungwe

?. [unglossed]

láwakéle

?. [unglossed]

maksilis

noun. lordship

makte

noun. hand

meril

noun. flower

A word for a “flower(s)” in the name ᴱQ. Meril-i-Turinqi “Queen of Flowers” (LT1/16; GL/46).

Conceptual Development: In Tolkien’s later writing, S./N. {Beril >>} Meril was used for the name “Rose”.

mild(i)-

verb. to pound

min-

verb. [unglossed]

nauto

noun. [unglossed]

nawa-

verb. [unglossed]

neldor

noun. beech

nierme

?. [unglossed]

ningwe

?. [unglossed]

nyúken

?. [unglossed]

níva

adjective. pale

orme

noun. tree

orne

noun. tree

pingwe

?. [unglossed]

porokoi

?. [unglossed]

pundo

noun. [unglossed]

póya

adjective. [unglossed]

ralle

?. [unglossed]

saile

noun. [unglossed]

saqa-

verb. [unglossed]

sauke

?. [unglossed]

sinqita-

verb. [unglossed]

sivilda

?. [unglossed]

súlimarya

?. [unglossed]

talarin

adjective. [unglossed]

talka marda

masculine name. Smith of the World

tantilta-

verb. [unglossed]

taure

noun. forest

taurie

noun. forest

tirípti

?. [unglossed]

toron

?. [unglossed]

tultárie

adjective. [unglossed]

tyanta

?. [unglossed]

tyukta-

verb. to chew

tyuku-

verb. to chew

A verb appearing as ᴱQ. tyuku- “to chew” with variant tyukta- in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s derived from the early root ᴱ√TYUKU of the same meaning (QL/50).

Neo-Quenya: I’d retain this verb as ᴺQ. tyuc- “chew” for purposes of Neo-Quenya, derived from the Neo-Root ᴺ√TYUK.

táne

adjective. [unglossed]

tánie

adjective. [unglossed]

túrea

adjective. mighty

ukárele

noun. [unglossed]

umpai

?. [unglossed]

upaitya-

verb. [unglossed]

usult

?. [unglossed]

valkane

noun. torture

valle

?. [unglossed]

vingwe

?. [unglossed]

vondo

noun. son

vô

noun. son

wessa

adjective. rich

This word appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s as ’wessa equated to G. gwes “rich”, probably its Qenya cognate.

yaim-

verb. to possess

A Qenya verb mentioned a couple times in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as related to either G. guira- “possess” or G. gaithi “he had” as a past form of gôtha- “possess, have, hold” (GL/42-43).

yaima-

verb. to possess

yan

conjunction. when

yon

noun. son

yu

?. [unglossed]

qirme

noun. cream

A noun appearing as ᴱQ. qirme “cream” in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√QIŘI [QIÐI] (QL/77).

Neo-Quenya: I would retain this word as ᴺQ. quirmë “cream” for purposes of Neo-Quenya based on a Neo-Root ᴺ√KWIR “stir”.