carco

crow

[carco ("k")noun "crow" (KARKA)] (Changed by Tolkien to corco.)

corco

crow

corco ("k")noun "crow" (KORKA, see KARKA)

quáco

crow

quáco ("q")noun "crow" _(WJ:395; _Etym also has corco, q.v.)

quáco

noun. crow

A word in the Quendi and Eldar essay from 1959-60 for “crow”, derived from primitive ✶k(a)wāk (WJ/395). In notes from the late 1960s Tolkien instead had Q. {koake >>} quácë “frog” < ✶kāwāk, with primitive ✶kā for “crow” (VT47/36).

See ᴹQ. korko for a discussion of earlier forms.

Derivations

• ✶kawāk “crow” ✧ WJ/395
  • √KAWAK “*caw, croak”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶k(a)wāk > quáko	[kwāko]	✧ WJ/395

Variations

• quáko ✧ WJ/395

polda

big

polda adj. "big" (PE17:115), "strong, burly" (POL/POLOD)

polda

adjective. big, big; [ᴹQ.] strong, burly; [ᴱQ.] mighty, powerful

Derivations

• √POL “can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); pound up, break up small, reduce to powder, can, have physical power and ability; large, big (strong); [ᴹ√] physically strong, [ᴱ√] have stength; [√] pound up, break up small, reduce to powder” ✧ PE17/115

Derivatives

• ᴺQ. poldavë “strongly”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√pol > polda	[polna] > [polda]	✧ PE17/115

Variations

• polya ✧ PE17/115 (polya)

túra

big, great

túra adj. "big, great" (PE17:115), related to words for power and apparently referring to a more abstract greatness than words like haura "huge". Cf. taura, túrëa. Apparently initial element of Túrosto.

ser-

verb. rest,repose;stay, tarry, be at the moment

craban

noun. kind of crow of large size, raven

corch

crow

corch (i gorch, o chorch), pl. cyrch (i chyrch). Also *craban (i graban, o chraban), pl. crebain (i chrebain). Only the pl. crebain* is attested. The sg. could be either craban, creban or croban**, but the first of these seems the most likely.

corch

crow

(i gorch, o chorch), pl. cyrch (i chyrch). Also ✱craban (i graban, o chraban), pl. crebain (i chrebain). Only the pl. crebain is attested. The sg. could be either ✱craban, ✱creban or ✱croban, but the first of these seems the most likely.

îdh

rest

(repose), no distinct pl. form even if there could be a pl. 2) post (i bost, o phost) (pause, halt, cessation, respite), pl. pyst (i physt)

khô

noun. crow

A noun translated “crow” (SD/426). Tolkien listed this noun in two forms, khâu and khô, both as examples of seemingly uniconsonantal nouns that prehistorically were biconsonantal (from prehistoric ✶khaw). Most authors have suggested these are simply variations on the same noun illustrating different paths of phonetic development (AAD/18, AL/Adûnaic). Another interesting possibility is that khâu is an (archaic?) subjective form of khô, produced from the usual a-fortification of primitive ✶khaw → ✶khāw, which would develop phonetically in Classical Adûnaic to khâu and khô. As support for this idea, the plural form of khâu is given as khāwī(m), which appears to include the subjective plural suffix -im.

This line of reasoning is quite speculative. Nevertheless, it is probably easier to use the form khô over khâu, since the inflections of khô would be more regular: plural khôi, dual ✱khôwat, objective ✱khôwu, etc.

Derivations

• ✶Ad. khaw “crow” ✧ SD/426; SD/426

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶Ad. khāw > khâu	[khāw] > [khāu]	✧ SD/426
✶Ad. khăw > khō	[khaw] > [khau] > [khō]	✧ SD/426

Variations

• khō ✧ SD/426

khaw

root. big

Changes

• KHAW → KHAWA ✧ PE17/115

Derivatives

• Q. haura “huge” ✧ PE17/115
• Q. höa “big, large” ✧ PE17/115

Variations

• KHAWA ✧ PE17/115; PE17/157
• KHAW ✧ PE17/115 (KHAW)

khaw

root. cover up, hide away, lay in store, [ᴹ√] rest, lie at ease; [√] cover up, hide away, lay in store

The early existence of this root was indicated in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s as (unglossed) ᴱ✶haw- where it was the basis of words like G. hau- “to lie” and G. haus “bed” (GL/48). It reappeared in The Etymologies of the 1930s as ᴹ√KHAW “rest, lie at ease”, this time with both Quenya and Noldorin derivatives such as ᴹQ. hauta- “cease, take a rest, stop” and N. haust “bed” (Ety/KHAW). In The Etymologies Tolkien also said this root influenced the meaning of N. hauð “mound” so that it came to mean “grave, tomb” as well (Ety/KHAG, KHAW).

The root reappeared again in revisions made to the Outline of Phonology (OP2) around 1959 with a new gloss “cover up, hide away, lay in store”, along with an extended root √KHAWAD “store, hoard” that continued to influence S. haudh “(funeral) mound” (PE19/91). The root √KHAW >> √KHAWA also appeared in a page of roots having to do with “large and small” of unclear date (but probably late 1950s or early 1960s), with the derivatives Q. höa “big, large” and Q. haura “huge” (PE17/115).

Neo-Eldarin: For purposes of Neo-Eldarin, I think the 1930s meaning “rest, lie at ease” is probably most useful, and I would limit the meaning “lay in store” to its extended root √KHAWAD. As for the meaning “big”, I would limit it to (Quenya-only) Q. höa.

Derivatives

• Q. haura “hoard, store” ✧ PE19/092
• S. haudh “(funeral) mound, grave; heap, piled mound, (funeral) mound, grave, [N.] tomb; [orig.] †heap, piled mound” ✧ PE19/092
• ᴺS. hauda- “to cover up, hide away, lay in store, hoard, save, record; to bury”
• ᴺS. hoda- “to lay, stretch out, lay flat on ground”
• T. hauda “hoard, store” ✧ PE19/092

Element in

• √KHAWAD “store, hoard, store, hoard; *lay in store” ✧ PE19/091

Variations

• KHAW ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092 (KHAW)

kawāk

noun. crow

Derivations

• √KAWAK “*caw, croak”

Derivatives

• Q. quáco “crow” ✧ WJ/395

Variations

• kā ✧ VT47/36
• k(a)wāk ✧ WJ/395

ezdē

noun. rest

Derivations

• √SED “rest” ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092; WJ/403

Derivatives

• Q. Estë “Rest, Repose, Peace” ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092; WJ/403
• S. Îdh “Estë, (lit.) Rest, Repose, Peace” ✧ PE19/092
• S. îdh “rest, repose, peace, tranquility” ✧ PE19/091; WJ/403
• T. Éde “Repose” ✧ PE19/092; WJ/403

Variations

• Ezdē ✧ PE19/092 (Ezdē)
• Ezdē-l ✧ PE21/83

sed

root. rest

This root first appeared as ᴹ√SED “rest” in The Etymologies of the 1930s with derivatives like ᴹQ. sére “rest, repose, peace” and N. sîdh “peace”, along with the name of the Valië ᴹQ. Este < ᴹ✶ezdē (Ety/SED). The root √SED “rest” along with the etymology of Este reappeared in both the Outline of Phonetic Development (OP1) from the 1930s (PE19/45) and the Outline of Phonology (OP2) from the early 1950s (PE19/92), and again in revisions to the OP2 page annotated in green ink and thus probably from 1970 (PE19/91 and note #110).

The root √SED “rest” was mentioned a couple times in the Quenya Verbal System of the 1940s as the basis for the verb ᴹQ. ser- “rest, repose” (PE22/102, 125) and again (unglossed) in the Quendi and Eldar essay of 1959-60 as the basis for Este (WJ/403). In the sense “peace” this root had some competition, however. In the first version of the Gloria in Excelsis Deo prayer from the mid-1960s, Tolkien used Q. sívë for “peace”, revised to Q. sérë in the second version and then Q. rainë (VT44/32). The word Q. sívë “peace” reappeared in unpublished etymological notes from 1969 derived from the root √SIB “rest, quiet” (VT44/35).

Neo-Eldarin: For purpose of Neo-Eldarin, I would use √SED for the act of resting and so Q. sérë “peace” = “restfulness (personal peace)”, and would use √SIB = “quiet, ✱stillness, absence of activity” and so Q. sívë “peace” = “absence of activity or violence (environmental peace)”. I would use Q. rainë as “good will” in connection to √RAY “smile”.

Derivatives

• ✶ezdē “rest” ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092; WJ/403
  • Q. Estë “Rest, Repose, Peace” ✧ PE19/091; PE19/092; WJ/403
  • S. Îdh “Estë, (lit.) Rest, Repose, Peace” ✧ PE19/092
  • S. îdh “rest, repose, peace, tranquility” ✧ PE19/091; WJ/403
  • T. Éde “Repose” ✧ PE19/092; WJ/403
• ✶sedu- “to go to rest”
• ᴺQ. sérë “peace; [ᴹQ.] rest, repose”
• Q. sérë “*peace”
• ᴺQ. sesta- “to set, (lit.) to make rest (on)”
• ᴺS. sedh- “to rest”
• S. send “?rest”
• ᴺS. sesta- “to set, (lit.) to make rest (on)”

corch

noun. crow

corch

noun. crow

A noun in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “crow” derived from the root ᴹ√KORKA of the same meaning, replacing rejected N. carach derived from ᴹ√KARKA (Ety/KARKA).

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. crunc “crow”, probably related to G. crug “beak” (GL/27) and possibly also to ᴱQ. karon “crow” from the contemporaneous Qenya Lexicon (QL/45). The forms crunc and crwnc “crow” appeared in Gnomish Lexicon Slips modifying that document (PE13/111), and ᴱN. crunc “crow” appeared in Early Noldorin Word-lists of the 1920s (PE13/141). The word ᴱN. corch also appeared in the same Early Noldorin Word-lists, but was unglossed, so it is not clear whether it was connected to 1930s N. corch “crow”.

Changes

• carach → corch “crow” ✧ Ety/KARKA

Cognates

• ᴹQ. korko “crow” ✧ Ety/KARKA; Ety/KARKA

Derivations

• ᴹ√KORKA “crow” ✧ Ety/KARKA; Ety/KARKA

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KORKA > corch	[korka] > [korkʰa] > [korxa] > [korx]	✧ Ety/KARKA

Variations

• carach ✧ Ety/KARKA (carach)

îdh

feminine name. Rest

Changes

• Ēdh → Īdh ✧ Ety/EZDĒ

Cognates

• ᴹQ. Este “rest” ✧ Ety/EZDĒ

Derivations

• On. Īde “rest” ✧ Ety/EZDĒ; EtyAC/EZDĒ
  • ᴹ✶ezdē “rest” ✧ Ety/EZDĒ; Ety/SED
  • ᴹ√SED “rest” ✧ PE19/045
• ᴹ✶ezdē “rest” ✧ PE19/045
  • ᴹ√SED “rest” ✧ PE19/045

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
On. Īde > Īdh	[īde] > [īðe] > [īð]	✧ Ety/EZDĒ
On. Ēde > Ēdh	[ēde] > [ēðe] > [ēð]	✧ EtyAC/EZDĒ
ᴹ✶Ezdē > ezd > ēd > Īð	[ezdē] > [ezde] > [eide] > [īde] > [īðe] > [īð]	✧ PE19/045

Variations

• Īdh ✧ Ety/EZDĒ
• Idh ✧ EtyAC/EZDĒ
• Ēdh ✧ EtyAC/EZDĒ (Ēdh)
• Īð ✧ PE19/045