calta- ("k")vb. "shine" (KAL)
Primitive elvish
kalta-
verb. cause to shine, kindle
Quenya
calta-
verb. to kindle, to kindle, [ᴹQ.] (cause to) shine, light up, [ᴱQ.] set light to
calta-
verb. shine
accal(a)-
verb. shine
shine (suddenly and) brilliantly, blaze
cal-
verb. shine
#cal- vb. "shine", future tense caluva ("k") "shall shine" _(UT:22 cf. 51). Compare also early "Qenya" cala- ("k")"shine" (LT1:254)_. It is possible that the verbal stem should have a final -a in later Quenya as well, since this vowel would not appear in the future tense caluva (compare valuvar as the pl. future tense of vala-, WJ:404).
sil-
verb. shine
sil- vb. "shine" (white), present tense síla "shines, is shining" (FG); aorist silë, pl. silir (RS:324), frequentative sisíla- (Markirya comments), future tense siluva (VT49:38), dual future siluvat (VT49:44, 45)
Noldorin
nartha-
verb. to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “kindle” given in the Noldorin-style infinitive form nartho and derived from the root ᴹ√NARTA of the same meaning (EtyAC/NARTA). This root is probably just a causative verb formation from ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”, and thus more literally “✱make fire”. Hence I think this verb can be used in the general sense of “✱ignite, inflame, set fire to”, etc.
síla-
verb. to shine white
Adûnaic
nitir- Reconstructed
verb. to kindle
A verb attested only as an agental-formation in the names Gimilnitîr “Star-kindler” and gimlu-nitîr “kindler of a (particular) star” (SD/428). Thorsten Renk suggested (NBA/32) the base verb is nitir-, and this seems to me to be the likeliest possibility. Andreas Moehn instead suggested (EotAL/NIT’Y) that the verb stem may be nit-, and that the -îr is some kind of feminine agental suffix.
Sindarin
glóren
shining with golden light
(glórin-) (golden), lenited ’lóren; pl. glórin.
silef
shining white
is listed in LR:385 s.v. SIL as the cognate of Quenya silma of this meaning, but silef is there asterisked, apparently to indicate that it only appears as part of the word Silevril ”Silmaril”. The word silef may also be used = Quenya silima (noun), the crystal substance of the Silmarils.
síla
shine white
(i híla, i sílar) Adj.
Beware, older languages below! The languages below were invented during Tolkien's earlier period and should be used with caution. Remember to never, ever mix words from different languages!
Gnomish
galtha-
verb. to kindle
A verb in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s given as {galta- >>} galtha- “kindle”, apparently a transitive or causative variant of G. gal- “shine (golden)” (GL/37).
Middle Primitive Elvish
kal
root. shine
gal
root. shine
Early Primitive Elvish
kṇðṇ
root. shine
A root in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s given as ᴱ√KṆŘṆ “shine” with derivatives in both Qenya and Gnomish, such as ᴱQ. kanda- “blaze”, G. cintha- “to light, set alight”, ᴱQ. kanwa “lurid”, and G. cantha “flame” (QL/47; GL/25-26). It may be a variant of ᴱ√KṚN “✱red” (QL/48). There are no signs of this root in Tolkien’s later writing.
kṇřṇ
root. shine
Early Quenya
tunda-
verb. to kindle
A verb in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s glossed “kindle” with variants tunda- and turu- (the latter marked † as archaic), appearing under the early root ᴱ√TUŘU [TUÐU] of the same meaning (QL/96).
turu-
verb. to kindle
Qenya
narta-
verb. to kindle, to kindle, *ignite, inflame, set fire to
A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s for “kindle” derived from the root ᴹ√NARTA of the same meaning (EtyAC/NARTA). This root is probably just a causative verb formation from ᴹ√NAR “flame, fire”, more literally “✱make fire”. Hence I think this verb can be used in the general sense of “✱ignite, inflame, set fire to”, etc.
Primitive adûnaic
nimir
root. shine
A Primitive Adûnaic root glossed “shine” (SD/416), apparently the basis for Nimir “Elf”.
This causative verb meaning “kindle, cause to shine” was based on the root √KAL “light; shine” and had a lengthy history in Tolkien’s Elvish languages. ᴱQ. kalta- “kindle, set light to” first appeared in the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s under the early root ᴱ√KALA “shine golden” (QL/44), but in The Etymologies of the 1930s ᴹQ. kalta- was only glossed “shine” (Ety/KAL). However in the Quenya Verbal System (QVS) from 1948 kaltā́ was given as an example of causative verbs and glossed “cause to shine, light up, or kindle (lamp etc.)” (PE22/114). In Common Eldarin: Verb Structure from the early 1950s (primitive) kalta- was glossed “cause to shine, kindle” (PE22/156). This verb also appeared in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as an element in the adjective Q. lacaltaima “not possible to be kindled”.