cassa

helmet

cassa ("k")noun "helmet" (KAS; though spelt cassa also in the Etymologies as printed in LR, VT45:19 indicates that Tolkien's own spelling was kassa). Cf. carma in a later source.

castol

helmet

castol noun "helmet", synonyms tholon (q.v.), sól (q.v), also variant castolo ("k")(PE17:186, 188)

castol(o)

noun. helmet

Cognates

• S. castol “helmet” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/188

Derivations

• √THOL “stand up, top; helmet” ✧ PE17/186

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√STOL > castol	[castol]	✧ PE17/186

Variations

• castol ✧ PE17/186
• kastol(o) ✧ PE17/188

harna

helmet

harna (3) noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

harpa

helmet

harpa noun "helmet" (VT45:21)

sól

helmet

sól, also solma or solos, noun variant words apparently for "helmet", cf. castol, q.v. (PE17:188)

tholon

helmet

tholon noun "helmet", variant of castol (q.v.), though Tolkien might have mistakenly marked it as Quenya instead of Sindarin (PE17:186)

þolon

noun. helmet

Cognates

• S. thôl “helmet, helm” ✧ PE17/186

Derivations

• √THOL “stand up, top; helmet”

Variations

• tholon ✧ PE17/186

carma

helm

carma (2) noun "helm" (helmet) in Carma-cundo ("k") "Helm-guardian" (PM:260). Notice that in PE17:114, Tolkien indicated that he rather wanted carma to mean "tool" or "weapon", leaving the status of carma "helmet" uncertain. Possibly shortened to -car in the names Eldacar (Elfhelm?), Hallacar (Tall-helm?) Cf. also cassa in Etym.

carma

noun. helm

Derivations

• ✶kasma “?helm” ✧ PE17/114; PE17/114; PE17/114
  • √KAS “head” ✧ PE17/114

Element in

• Q. Carma-cundo “Helm-guardian” ✧ PM/260
• Q. Eldacar “Elfhelm” ✧ PE17/114
• Q. Hallacar “*Tall Helm”
• Q. Valacar “*Vala Helm” ✧ PE17/114

Elements

Word	Gloss
cas	“head, head, [ᴱQ.] top, summit”

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
✶kāsā > -kar	[-kasā] > [-kazā] > [-kaza] > [-kaz] > [-kar]	✧ PE17/114
✶-kāsă > -kas	[-kasa] > [-kas]	✧ PE17/114
✶kasma > kazma > karma	[kasma] > [kazma] > [karma]	✧ PE17/114

Variations

• karma ✧ PE17/114
• Karma ✧ PM/260

solma

noun. ?helmet, ?top

solos

noun. ?helmet, ?top

sól

noun. ?helmet, ?top

Cognates

• S. thôl “helmet, helm” ✧ PE17/188

Derivations

• √THOL “stand up, top; helmet” ✧ PE17/188

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ÞOL > sól	[tʰōl] > [θōl] > [sōl]	✧ PE17/188

Variations

• solma ✧ PE17/188
• solos ✧ PE17/188

Eldacar

elfhelm

Eldacar masc. name, *"Elfhelm". Compare carma "helmet". (Appendix A)

tolu-

verb. stand up, get up, leave one’s seat

castol

noun. helmet

Cognates

• Q. castol(o) “helmet” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/188

Elements

Word	Gloss
kas	“head”
thôl	“helmet, helm”

thôl

noun. helm

thôl

noun. helmet, helm

Cognates

• Q. þolon “helmet” ✧ PE17/186
• Q. sól “?helmet, ?top” ✧ PE17/188

Derivations

• √THOL “stand up, top; helmet” ✧ PE17/188

Element in

• S. castol “helmet”
• S. Dor-Cúarthol “Land of Bow and Helm” ✧ SA/thôl
• S. Gorthol “Dread Helm” ✧ SA/thôl

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
√ÞOL > thôl	[tʰolos] > [tʰolo] > [θolo] > [θol] > [θōl]	✧ PE17/188
√ÞOL > thely	[tʰolosi] > [θolosi] > [θolohi] > [θoluhi] > [θœlyhi] > [θœlyh] > [θœly] > [θely]	✧ PE17/188
√ÞOL > thuil	[tʰoli] > [θoli] > [θuli] > [θuil]	✧ PE17/188

harn

helmet

harn (i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

harn

helmet

(i charn, o charn), pl. hern (i chern). Note: this is a homophone of two unrelated adjectives harn, one meaning ”southern” and the other ”wounded”.

thôl

helm

thôl (construct thol, pl. thŷl, coll. pl. ?tholath)

thôl

helm

(construct thol, pl. th**ŷ**l, coll. pl. ?tholath)

stol

root. helmet

thol

root. stand up, top; helmet

In Quenya Notes (QN) from 1957 Tolkien gave the root √STOL “helmet” with derivatives like S. thôl or Q. castol of the same meaning (PE17/186). In etymological notes from around 1964 (DD) Tolkien instead gave √ÞOL “stand up, top” as the basis for these “helmet” words (PE17/188).

Derivatives

• Q. castol(o) “helmet” ✧ PE17/186
• Q. sól “?helmet, ?top” ✧ PE17/188
• Q. þolon “helmet”
• S. thôl “helmet, helm” ✧ PE17/188

Element in

• Q. castol(o) “helmet” ✧ PE17/188
• S. castol “helmet” ✧ PE17/186; PE17/188

Variations

• STOL ✧ PE17/145; PE17/186
• ÞOL ✧ PE17/188

tolu

verb. stand up

harn

noun. helmet

harn

noun. helmet

Changes

• harð → harn ✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Cognates

• ᴹQ. harna “helmet” ✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Derivations

• ᴹ√KHAR “helmet” ✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Phonetic Developments

Development	Stages	Sources
ᴹ√KHAR > harn	[kʰarna] > [xarna] > [xarn] > [harn]	✧ EtyAC/KHAR
ᴹ√KHAR > harð	[kʰarda] > [xarda] > [xarða] > [xarð] > [harð]	✧ EtyAC/KHAR

Variations

• harn ✧ EtyAC/KHAR
• harð ✧ EtyAC/KHAR (harð)