toltha-

verb. to fetch, to fetch, *bring; [G.] to carry, lift

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s appearing in its (Noldorin-style) infinitive form toltho “fetch” under the root ᴹ√TUL “come, approach, move towards”, cognate to ᴹQ. tulta- “send for, fetch, summon” (Ety/TUL). Both N. toltha- and ᴹQ. tulta- appear to be a causative verbs, whose original meaning was “✱to make come”.

Conceptual Development: The Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s had G. tultha- “lift, carry” (GL/71), clearly based on the early root ᴱ√TULU whose original meaning was “uphold, support, bear, carry”, and only by extension “fetch, bring; move, come” (QL/95). Gnomish of the 1910s did not have the Noldorin/Sindarin sound change whereby short u usually became o, which is why Tolkien had G. tultha- rather than N. toltha-.

Neo-Sindarin: The base meaning of the root √TUL changed from 1910s “support, carry” to 1930s “come”. Despite this, I think toltha- might still be used in the sense “carry” for purposes of Neo-Sindarin, since “fetch” and “carry” are not that different in meaning. I would propose a scenario in which ancient ✱tultā- meant “✱to make come = summon”, evolving into “✱to make bring = fetch” (that is, bring someone or something to someplace or someone), and from there broadening to “carry” in other cases, but with the specific connotation of “fetch = carry towards someone or someplace” = “✱bring”. I envision a similar semantic development for Q. tulya-.

I would therefore assume toltha- lost its original sense “summon” (also absent in The Etymologies) in the Sindarin language branch; for this I would use [ᴺS.] nachav-.

toltha-

verb. to fetch, summon, make come

tog-

verb. to bring

A verb in The Etymologies of the 1930s glossed “to bring” under the root ᴹ√TUK “draw, bring”, appearing in its (Noldorin-style) infinitive form tegi and its present tense form tôg (Ety/TUK). It was originally glossed as “to lead, bring”, but “lead” was crossed out (EtyAC/TUK).

tol-

verb. to come

tol-

verb. to come

tul-

verb. to come, to come, [ᴱQ.] move (intr.); to bring, carry, fetch; to produce, bear fruit

The Quenya verb for “to come”, which is very well-attested. It is derived from the root √TUL whose basic sense is “move towards the speaker” (PE17/188), as in “come here”: á tule sís. English may also use “come with” in the sense “accompany” such as “I will come with you”, but Quenya uses men- (“go”) for this purpose (PE22/162), such as menuvan ó le = “I will go with you”.

Conceptual Development: ᴱQ. tulu- dates all the way back to the Qenya Lexicon of the 1910s, where it appeared under the early root ᴱ√TULU, but in that early document it has a much broader set of glosses: “(1) bring, carry, fetch; (2) intr. move, come; (3) produce, bear fruit” (QL/95). By the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s its list of glosses was reduced to “come” (PE14/57), and Tolkien used the verb only to mean “come” thereafter. Tolkien often used this verb in grammatical examples, which is part of the reason it is so well-attested.

tulya-

verb. *to lead; to fetch, *to lead; to fetch; [ᴱQ.] to bring, send

Tolkien used this verb with several similar meanings throughout his life. Its earliest appearance was in the Early Qenya Grammar of the 1920s where it was glossed “send, bring” (PE14/58), and in Early Qenya Word-lists from the same period it was glossed “bring” (PE16/133). In Quendian & Common Eldarin Verbal Structure (EVS1) from the 1940s, Tolkien had primitive ᴹ✶tulyā- “send hither” along with a statement that “causatives from verbs [verbal roots] more often used yā” (PE22/98).

Primitive ✶tuljā- “fetch” reappeared as another example of a ya-causative in Common Eldarin: Verb Structure (EVS2) from the early 1950s, where it also had a more extensive translation “cause to come, send for, fetch, summon” (PE22/135). The verb appeared again in the phrase Q. álamë tulya úsahtienna “lead us not into temptation” in Quenya prayers from the late 1950s, replacing a verb mittanya- presumably of similar meaning (VT43/22). The verb appeared a final time in Late Notes on Verb Structure (LVS) from 1969 as yet another example of a ya-causative verb (PE22/164); in this set of documents the related verbal noun tulyandë was glossed “fetching” (PE22/137).

The relationship between this verb and its root √TUL is somewhat tricky. In the 1910s, the early root ᴱ√TULU had a broad meaning, originally “uphold, support, bear, carry” and thus by extension “fetch, bring” and “move, come” (QL/95). This early meaning of the root may have influenced the 1920s glosses “send, bring” for tulya-. From the 1930s forward, however, √TUL was limited in sense to “come = move toward the speaker” (Ety/TUL; PE17/188). A causative form of this root therefore would mean “cause to come”. This could apply to ya-causative tulya-, as with primitive ✶tulyā- in EVS1 and EVS2 (see above). However, Tolkien often used ta-causative tulta- to mean “send (for), summon = cause to come” instead (Ety/TUL; PE22/114, 156).

Neo-Quenya: It is not clear whether Tolkien intended ya-causative tulya- and ta-causative tulta- to coexist. The only document in which they both appear is 1969 LVS (PE22/164). That package of documents includes many hypothetical examples, so it still is not clear whether both verbs were “real” in the context of in-universe Elvish. For purposes of Neo-Quenya, however, I assume the two verbs coexist with slightly different meanings: tulta- “fetch = cause to come > summon [someone]” and tulya- “fetch = cause to come with > bring [something]”.

This interpretation of tulya- as “bring, fetch” is largely consistent with its use in the 1920s through 1960s. In the Quenya prayer noted above, the translation “bring” also works: álamë tulya úsahtienna “✱bring us not into temptation” as an alternative to “lead us not into temptation”. As such I think tulya- = “lead” only in the sense “bring someone someplace”, and not “lead” in the sense of “give guidance and leadership”.

tulta-

verb. send for, fetch, summon

tulta- vb. "send for, fetch, summon" (TUL). Tultanelyes "you summoned him", changed by Tolkien to leltanelyes "you sent him" (possibly tulta- was meant to have the meaning "send" here, but Tolkien decided to use another word) (VT47:22)

tulu-

verb. fetch, bring, bear; move, come

tulu- vb. "fetch, bring, bear; move, come" (LT1:270; compare tulta- in Tolkien's later Quenya)

tulta-

verb. to send (from point of view of receiver), to send (from point of view of receiver), [ᴹQ.] to send for, send hither, fetch, summon, (lit.) cause to come

tulta-

verb. send; fetch

lelta-

verb. send

#lelta- vb. "send", attested in the past tense with pronominal suffixes: leltanelyes "you sent him" (VT47:21)

lenna-

verb. to come, to come; [ᴹQ.] to go, depart

lenta-

verb. send

[#lenta- vb. "send", attested in the past tense with pronominal suffixes: lentanelyes "you sent him". Changed by Tolkien to #lelta-, q.v. (VT47:22, 21)]

menta-

verb. send, cause to go

menta- (1) vb. "send, cause to go" (in a desired direction) (VT41:6, VT43:15). A similar-sounding primitive verb mentioned in PE17:93 is said to have past and perfect forms that would produce Quenya *mennë*, eménië, but here Tolkien seems to be discussing a distinct intransitive verb "go" and its Sindarin descendants, and Quenya menta- rather belongs to the causative (transitive) verbs which according to the same source has "weak" past-tense forms (in -në, hence mentanë "sent", and likely ementië** as perfect "has sent").

tul-

verb. come

tul- vb. "come" (WJ:368), 1st pers. aorist tulin "I come" (TUL), 3rd pers. sg. tulis "(s)he comes" (VT49:19), perfect utúlië "has come" (utúlien "I am come", EO), utúlie'n aurë "Day has come" (the function of the 'n is unclear; it may be a variant of the article "the", hence literally "the Day has come"). Past tense túlë "came" in LR:47 and SD:246, though an alternative form *tullë has also been theorized. Túlë in VT43:14 seems to be an abnormal aorist stem, later abandoned; tula in the same source would be an imperative. Prefixed future tense entuluva "shall come again" in the Silmarillion, future tuluva also in the phrase aranielya na tuluva* "may thy kingdom come" (VT44:32/34), literally apparently "thy kingdom, be-it-that (it) will come". In early "Qenya" we have the perfects tulielto "they have come" (LT1:114, 270, VT49:57) and tulier "have come", pl., in the phrase I·Eldar tulier "the Eldar have come"(LT1:114, 270). Read probably utúlieltë, Eldar utúlier** in LotR-style Quenya.

tul-

verb. come

toltha

fetch

(make come) toltha- (i doltha, i tholthar)

toltha

fetch

(i doltha, i tholthar)

tol-

verb. to come

The basic Sindarin verb for “to come”, well attested from the 1930s-1960s and derived from the root √TUL of similar meaning (Ety/TUL; PE17/166; PE22/168; VT44/25). The Sindarin o was the result of the usual sound change whereby [[s|short [u] became [o]]] in Sindarin’s phonetic development.

Conceptual Development: A verb G. tul- appeared in the Gnomish Lexicon of the 1910s, but there its meaning was “(1) bring; (2) come to” (GL/71), and in one place Tolkien said its original meaning was “to support” (GL/69). This is in keeping with the broader meaning of the early root ᴱ√TULU, which was glossed “fetch, bear, bring; move, come; (originally) uphold, support, bear, carry” (QL/95).

tol

come

tol- (i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254). MAKE COME, see FETCH

tolo

verb. come!

tol

come

(i dôl, i thelir). The present tense tôl is attested (WJ:254).

tul-

verb. come, is coming, has come, is here, I come, have come

nakh-

verb. to come

A verb translated in the past tense as “came” (SD/247, 311), so probably meaning “to come”. Like kalab-, this is one of the few Adûnaic verbs attested in more than one conjugation. As such, it is useful in the study of Adûnaic verbs, in this case biconsonantal-verbs as opposed to triconsonantal kalab-.

It is attested in two forms, unakkha “he-came” and yanākhim “are at hand”. The initial elements in these forms are the 3rd-sg masculine pronominal prefix u- and the 3rd-pl neuter pronominal prefix ya-, respectively, while the latter form has the plural verbal suffix -m. Removing these elements leaves the conjugated forms nakkha and nākhi, which are the past and continuative-present tenses according to the theories used here. If the second form is the continuative-present, its literal meaning may be “are coming”.

Conceptual Development: In the draft version of the Lament of Akallabêth, this verb stem was apparently nek-, with past forms hunekkū >> unekkū “he-came”, with Tolkien vacillating on the proper form of the 3rd-sg masculine pronominal prefix u-.